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and a difficulty in operating without high technology assets if depleted or destroyed soviet military doctrine and its descendants in cis countries relies heavily on masses of machinery and troops a highly educated albeit very small officer corps and pre planned missions its advantages are that it does not require well educated troops does not require a large logistic train is under tight central control and does not rely on a sophisticated c3i system after the initiation of a course of action its disadvantages are inflexibility a reliance on the shock effect of mass with a resulting high cost in lives and material and overall inability to exploit unexpected success or respond to unexpected loss chinese military doctrine is currently in a state of flux as the people s liberation army is evaluating military trends of relevance to china chinese military doctrine is influenced by a number of sources including an indigenous classical military tradition characterized by strategists such as sun tzu western and soviet influences as well as indigenous modern strategists such as mao zedong one distinctive characteristic of chinese military science is that it places emphasis on the relationship between the military and society as well as viewing military force as merely one part of an overarching grand strategy each system trains its officer corps in its philosophy regarding military art the differences in content and emphasis are illustrative the united states army principles of war are defined in the u s army field manual fm 100 5 the canadian forces principles of war military science are defined by land forces doctrine and training system lfdts to focus on principles of command principles of war operational art and campaign planning and scientific principles russian federation armed forces derive their principles of war predominantly from those developed during the existence of the soviet union these although based significantly on the second world war experience in conventional war fighting have been substantially modified since the introduction of the nuclear arms into strategic considerations the soviet afghan war and the first and second chechen wars further modified the principles that soviet theorists had divided into the operational art and tactics the very scientific approach to military science thinking in the soviet union had been perceived as overly rigid at the tactical level and had affected the training in the russian federation s much reduced forces to instil greater professionalism and initiative in the forces the military principles of war of the people s liberation army were loosely based on those of the soviet union until the 1980s when a significant shift begun to be seen in a more regionally aware and geographically specific strategic operational and tactical thinking in all services the pla is currently influenced by three doctrinal schools which both conflict and complement each other the people s war the regional war and the revolution in military affairs that led to substantial increase in the defense spending and rate of technological modernisation of the forces the differences in the specifics of military art notwithstanding military science strives to provide an integrated picture of the chaos of battle and illuminate basic insights that apply to all combatants not just those who agree with your formulation of the principles military geography edit main article military geography military geography encompasses much more than simple protestations to take the high ground military geography studies the obvious the geography of theatres of war but also the additional characteristics of politics economics and other natural features of locations of likely conflict the political landscape for example as an example the soviet afghan war was predicated on the ability of the soviet union to not only successfully invade afghanistan but also to militarily and politically flank the islamic republic of iran simultaneously military systems edit how effectively and efficiently militaries accomplish their operations missions and tasks is closely related not only to the methods they use but the equipment and weapons they use military intelligence edit main article military intelligence military intelligence supports the combat commanders decision making process by providing intelligence analysis of available data from a wide range of sources to provide that informed analysis the commanders information requirements are identified and input to a process of gathering analysis protection and dissemination of information about the operational environment hostile friendly and neutral forces and the civilian population in an area of combat operations and broader area of interest intelligence activities are conducted at all levels from tactical to strategic in peacetime the period of transition to war and during the war most militaries maintain a military intelligence capability to provide analytical and information collection personnel in both specialist units and from other arms and services personnel selected for intelligence duties whether specialist intelligence officers and enlisted soldiers or non specialist assigned to intelligence may be selected for their analytical abilities and intelligence before receiving formal training military intelligence serves to identify the threat and provide information on understanding best methods and weapons to use in deterring or defeating it military logistics edit main article military logistics the art and science of planning and carrying out the movement and maintenance of military forces in its most comprehensive sense it is those aspects or military operations that deal with the design development acquisition storage distribution maintenance evacuation and disposition of material the movement evacuation and hospitalization of personnel the acquisition or construction maintenance operation and disposition of facilities and the acquisition or furnishing of services military technology and equipment edit main article military technology military technology is not just the study of various technologies and applicable physical sciences used to increase military power it may also extend to the study of production methods of military equipment and ways to improve performance and reduce material and or technological requirements for its production an example is the effort expended by nazi germany to produce artificial rubbers and fuels to reduce or eliminate their dependence on imported pol petroleum oil and lubricants and rubber supplies military technology is unique only in its application not in its use of basic scientific and technological achievements because of the uniqueness of use military technological studies strive to incorporate evolutionary as well as the rare revolutionary technologies into their proper place of military application military and society edit this speciality examines the ways that military and society interact and shape each other the dynamic intersection where military and society meet is influenced by trends in society and the security environment 13 this field of study can be linked to works by clausewitz war is the continuation of politics by other means 14 and sun tzu if not in the interest of the state do not act 15 the contemporary multi and interdisciplinary field traces its origin to world war ii and works by sociologists and political scientists 13 this field of study includes all aspects of relations between armed forces as a political social and economic institution and the society state or political ethnic movement of which they are a part 16 topics often included within the purview of military and society include veterans women in the military military families enlistment and retention reserve forces military and religion 17 military privatization civil military relations 18 civil military cooperation military and popular culture military and the media military and disaster assistance military and the environment and the blurring of military and police functions recruitment and retention edit in an all volunteer military the armed forces relies on market forces and careful recruiting to fill its ranks it is thus very important to understand factors that motivate enlistment and reenlistment service members must have the mental and physical ability to meet the challenges of military service and adapt to the military s values and culture 13 studies show that enlistment motivation generally incorporates both self interest pay and non market values like adventure patriotism and comradeship 19 20 21 veterans edit the study of veterans or members of the military who leave and return to the society is one of the most important subfields of the military and society field of study veterans and their issues represent a microcosm of the field military recruits represent inputs that flow from the community into the armed forces veterans are outputs that leave the military and reenter society changed by their time as soldiers sailors marines and airmen both society and veteran face multiple layers of adaptation and adjustment upon their reentry 22 23 the definition of veteran is surprisingly fluid across countries in the us veteran s status is established after a service member has completed a minimum period of service australia requires deployment to a combat zone 24 in the uk everyone who has performed military service for at least one day and drawn a day s pay is termed a veteran 25 the study of veterans focuses much attention on their sometimes uneasy transition back to civilian society veterans must navigate a complex cultural transition when moving between environments and they can expect positive and negative transition outcomes 26 finding a good job and reestablishing a fulfilling family life is high on their resettlement agenda 27 military life is often violent and dangerous the trauma of combat often results in post traumatic stress disorder as well as painful physical health challenges 28 which often lead to homelessness suicide substance and excessive alcohol use and family dysfunction 29 30 society recognizes its responsibilities to veterans by offering programs and policies designed to redress these problems veterans also exert an influence on society often through the political process 31 32 for example how do veterans vote and establish party affiliation during the 2004 presidential election veterans were basically bipartisan 33 veterans who fought in croatia s war of independence voted for the nationalist parties in greater numbers 34 reserve forces edit reserve forces are service members who serve the armed forces on a part time basis these men and women constitute a reserve force that countries rely on for their defense disaster support and some day to day operations etc in the united states an active reservist spends a weekend a month and two weeks a year in training the size of a county s reserve force often depends on the type of recruitment method nations with a volunteer force tend to have a lower reserve percentage 35 recently the role of the reserves has changed in many countries it has gone from a strategic force largely static to an operational force largely dynamic 35 after wwii relatively large standing forces took care of most operational needs reserves were held back strategically and deployed in times of emergency for example during the cuban missile crisis 36 subsequently the strategic and budget situation changed and as a result the active duty military began to rely on reserve force particularly for combat support and combat service support 37 further large scale military operation routinely mobilize and deploy reservists 38 lomsky feder et al 2008p 594 introduced the metaphor of reserve forces as transmigrants who live betwixt and between the civilian and military worlds 39 this metaphor captures their structural duality and suggests dynamic nature of reservist experience as they navigate commitments to their often conflicting civilian and military worlds 40 41 given their greater likelihood of lengthy deployment reservists face many of the same stresses as active duty but often with fewer support services 42 university studies edit universities or colleges around the world also offer a degree s in military science belgium royal military academy belgium ba social and military science ma social and military science israel tel aviv university ma in security bar ilan university ma in military security and intelligence finland national defence university bachelor master and phd in military science france sciences po paris school of international affairs master in international security new zealand massey university centre for defence and security studies ba in defence studies victoria university of wellington centre for strategic studies master of strategic studies mss slovenia university of ljubljana faculty of social studies ba ma and phd in defence studies phd in military social sciences united kingdom king s college london ma in international security and strategy ma mphil phd in defence studies university of hull ma in strategy and international security university of st andrews mlitt in strategic studies sri lanka sri lanka military academy bachelor and master s degree in military studies military training school diyatalawa sri lanka south africa south african military academy university of stellenbosch bachelor of military science bmil master of military science mmil mphil in security management 43 united states united states air force academy major in military and strategic studies minor in nuclear weapons and strategy united states military academy major in defense and strategic studies hawaii pacific university major in diplomacy and military studies embry riddle aeronautical university minors in military science 44 and military studies 45 missouri state university minor in military studies international military sciences or studies associations edit there are many international associations with the core purpose of bringing scholars in the field of military science together some are inter disciplinary and have a broad scope whilst others are confined and specialized focusing on more specific disciplines or subjects some are integrated in larger scientific communities like the international sociological association isa and the american psychological association apa where others have grown out of military institutions or individuals who have had a particular interest in areas of military science and are military defense or armed forces oriented some of these associations are american psychological association division 19 society for military psychology apa div19 46 european research group on military and society ergomas 47 inter university seminar on armed forces and society ius 48 international congress on soldiers physical performance icspp 49 international military testing association imta 50 interna...