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inhagim exist in various forms ancient minhagim go back to the codification of the talmud or earlier today they are generally regarded as universally binding the oldest recorded minhag is that of beating the aravot willow branches on hoshana rabbah which is believed to date back to the era of the hebrew prophets many minhagim are followed by subgroups jews whose ancestors continued to live in the middle east and africa until the establishment of the state of israel regardless of where they live now tend to follow a variety of customs such as mizrahi sephardi or yemenite jews jews whose ancestors lived in central europe in the middle ages regardless of where they live now tend to follow ashkenazic customs while those whose families originated in the iberian peninsula generally follow sephardic customs the talmud gives detailed rules for people who visit or move to a locale where the custom differs from their own hasidic jews tend to follow their own minhagim within these broad categories there are also sub groups by origin e g lithuanian polish or german customs by location e g minhag yerushalayim or by denominational affiliation e g skverrer hasidic jews follow different customs than chabad lubavitch jews families and even individuals may adhere to minhagim not followed by others discussion in rabbinic literature edit some sources in rabbinic literature stress the importance of a long held tradition culminating in the statement the minhag of our fathers is equivalent to torah 3 custom can thus determine halachic practice in cases of disagreement among rabbinic authorities in numerous instances rabbi moses isserles warns that one should not abolish long held customs isserles gloss on the shulchan aruch was in fact written so as to delineate ashkenazi minhagim alongside sephardi practices in the same code of law despite the above a minhag does not override clear biblical or talmudic enactments and one may not transgress the latter for the sake of the former in fact any minhag that intrinsically involves an element of halacha violation is considered null and void 4 the talmud rules that a valid minhag accepted by previous generations of a family or community is binding upon all later generations 5 the rosh states that the talmud s ruling fundamentally applies to practices undertaken by learned individuals innovations by the unlearned need only be followed publicly 6 other halachic authorities hold that the talmud s ruling applies to all valid practices initiated by either learned or unlearned individuals 7 in most cases personal acceptance of a new minhag is tantamount to vowing performance of that minhag consequently abandonment of such a minhag typically requires hatarat nedarim or sh eilat chakham halachic procedures for absolving oneself from oaths this was often necessary when for example an ashkenazi jew moved to the ottoman empire and wished to join the local sephardi community changing minhagim edit jewish law provides for a number of mechanisms to change or remove a custom when it is held to be mistaken or illogical 8 orthodox rabbi and historian of jewish law menachem elon writes custom because of its spontaneous and undirected nature sometimes calls for a measure of supervision and control at times a custom may be founded on error or develop unreasonably or illogically in a certain direction or may even be in conflict with substantive and fundamental principles of jewish law in a manner leaving no room for its integration into the system from time to time the halakhic scholars exercised such control in order to contain or discredit entirely a particular custom 9 present day edit the acute displacement brought about by world war ii and the holocaust and the large scale immigration to the united states various european countries and especially the state of israel have led to a mixing of various minhagim and arguably the gradual disuse of certain customs in addition the baal teshuva movement has created a large group who have no clear tradition from their parents in response to these phenomena certain scholars have focused on the minhagim and attempts have been made to revive minhagim that have fallen into disuse nusach edit nusach properly nósach primarily means text or version the correct wording of a religious text thus the nusach tefillah is the text of the prayers generally or as used by a particular community in common use nusach has come to signify the entire liturgical tradition of the community including the musical rendition it is narrower than minhag which can refer to custom in any field and not necessarily that of communal prayer both nusach and minhag can thus be used for liturgic rite or liturgic tradition sometimes a nusach appears to be a subdivision of a minhag or vice versa see different jewish rites and popular siddurim under siddur in general one must pray according to one s nusach of origin unless one has formally joined a different community and accepted its minhag perisha rules that if one abandons a nusach that has been accepted universally by the wider jewish community his prayer is disqualified and must be repeated using the accepted nusach arba ah turim orach chayim 120 ad loc the main segments of traditional judaism as differentiated by nusach broadly and narrowly are these nusach ashkenaz the general ashkenazi rite of non chasidim can be subdivided into minhag ashkenaz german rite minhag polin lita polish lithuanian prague rite nusach sefard or nusach ari ashkenazi chasidic rite heavily influenced by the teachings of sephardi kabbalists minhag sefaradi in general refers to the various sephardi liturgies but also to obligation permissibility of kabbalistic elements within the rite versions of this are the spanish and portuguese jewish rite nusach morocco moroccan rite there are differences between the spanish moroccan and the arab moroccan customs nusach hachida the chida s rite named after rabbi chaim joseph david azulai often used by north african jews nusach livorno sephardic rite from nineteenth century editions printed in italy and often used by north african jews minhag edot hamizrach often used to mean the baghdadi rite is more or less influenced by the sephardi minhag nosach teiman can be subdivided into nosach baladi closely resembling the original yemenite rite but with later additions the form used by dor daim who attempt to safeguard the oldest baladi tradition of yemenite jewish observance is the version originally used by all yemenite jews near the time of maimonides nosach shami adopted from sephardic siddurim rabbi shalom ben aharon hakohen iraqi would go to a different synagogue each shabbath with printed sephardic siddurim requesting that they pray in the sephardic rite and forcing it upon them if necessary 10 nusach eretz yisrael has not survived in any community though an attempt to revive it has been made by rabbi david bar hayim of machon shilo however it is thought to have had some influence on nusach ashkenaz minhag italiani and minhag benè romì see italian jews minhag romania the rite of the romaniotes that is the original greek jewish community as distinct from the sephardim see also edit metuentes references edit schwartz marcus mordecai 21 march 2024 formal law and its relationship to minhag takkanot the oxford handbook of jewish law oxford university press p 275 doi 10 1093 oxfordhb 9780197508305 013 15 isbn 978 0 19 750830 5 retrieved 3 december 2025 ii kings 9 20 sefaria org retrieved 3 december 2025 e g tosafot to menahot 20b s v nifsal see piskei riaz pesachim 4 1 7 pesachim 50 makom shenahagu 3 for discussion of this point see bach and beit yosef to yoreh deah 214 shach ibid 214 7 see tosafot on talmud pesachim 51a maimonides mishneh torah hilchot issurei biah be er heitev orach chaim 182 orach chaim 653 orach chaim 551 4 the principles of jewish law single volume english edition rabbi yosef qafih passover aggadta hebrew p 11 external links and resources edit references custom jewishencyclopedia com a historical map of jewish liturgical influence and variation the rules of halacha rabbi aryeh kaplan customs minhagim nishmat net resources rabbinic literature sages of ashkenaz database online collection of minhag seforim minhagei maharil rabbi yaakov ben moshe levi moelin maharil 1556 sefer haminhagim hebrew fulltext pdf rabbi isaac tyrnau 1566 ta amei haminhagim rabbi a i sperling 1896 translation reasons for jewish customs and traditions bloch pub co 1968 isbn 0 8197 0184 x likutei maharich rabbi yisroel chaim freedman of rachov sefer haminhagim rabbis m greenglass and y groner 1966 translation the book of chabad lubavitch customs sichos in english pub 1998 isbn 0 8266 0555 9 otzar ta amei ha minhagim rabbi shmuel gelbard 1995 translation rite and reason feldheim pub 1997 isbn 0 87306 889 0 general the biblical and historical background of jewish customs and ceremonies rabbi abraham bloch ktav 1980 isbn 0 87068 658 5 the minhagim the customs and ceremonies of judaism their origins and rationale rabbi abraham chill sepher hermon 1978 isbn 0 87203 077 6 to be a jew a guide to jewish observance in contemporary life rabbi hayim donin basic books 1991 isbn 0 465 08632 2 jewish book of why rabbi alfred j kolatch jonathan david 1995 isbn 0 8246 0314 1 minhagei yisrael origins and history rabbi daniel sperber mossad harav kook 1998 the complete book of jewish observance rabbi leo trepp behrman house publishing 1980 isbn 0 671 41797 5 jewish spiritual practices yitzhak buxbaum jason aronson inc 1994 isbn 0 87668 832 6 hardcover isbn 1 56821 206 2 paperback v t e jews index of jewish history related articles lists of jews history timeline israelites origins of judaism ancient israel and judah second temple period synagogal judaism rabbinic judaism middle ages the holocaust state of israel culture astrology perspectives monen astronomy calendar holidays cuisine kashrut education literature hebrew literature music mythology names politics zionism population peoplehood assimilation israeli jews history persecution antisemitism racial conceptions of jewish identity in zionism gentile groups claiming affiliation with israelites diaspora ashkenazim afrikaner jode chuts galitzianers lita im oberlander jews ostjuden udmurt and tatar jews unterlander jews yekkes beta israel beta abraham falash mura desi jews bene israel kochinim dönmeh gruzínim italkim neofiti kaifeng jews karaites constantinopolitan karaites crimean karaites kurdish jews krymchaks lemba maghrebi berber jews mizrahi afghan jews alexandrian jews baghdadi bukharan jews egyptian jews mountain jews palestinian jews persian jews urfalim teimanim adeni jews ḥabbanim hadhrami jews saada jews mustaʿravim jewish tribes of arabia romaniote sephardim eastern sephardim livornese jews north african sephardim paradesi meshuchrarim sephardic bnei anusim xuetes languages diasporic hebrew modern ashkenazi sephardi mizrahi yemenite tiberian samaritan signed medieval mishnaic biblical babylonian palestinian catalanic judeo amazigh judeo arabic yahudic judeo baghdadi judeo moroccan judeo tripolitanian judeo tunisian judeo yemeni judaeo aramaic targum barzani betanure hulaulá lishana deni lishán didán lishanid noshan biblical talmudic palestinian galilean judeo aragonese jewish english yeshivish yinglish heblish judeo gascon judaeo greek judeo italian judeo livornese judaeo piedmontese judeo roman judeo venetian judeo latin judeo malay judeo malayalam judeo marathi judaeo occitan judeo persian bukhori judeo borujerdi judeo golpaygani judeo hamedani judeo shirazi juhuri judaeo portuguese judeo urdu karaim kayliñña kivruli knaanic koiné greek krymchak lachoudisch ladino haketia tetuani lotegorisch qwareña shassagh shassi yiddish dialects eastern galitzish litvish poylish klezmer loshn western judeo alsatian lachoudisch scots yiddish zarphatic religion outline of judaism beliefs mitzvah rabbinic authority chosen people conversion eschatology messiah ethics holiness land of israel leadership rabbi rebbe god names of god halakha haskalah kabbalah sefirot marriage divorce orthodoxy philosophy prayer synagogue hazzan shabbat symbolism relations with other religions buddhism christianity anabaptist catholicic mormon protestant christmas jews and halloween hinduism islam who is a jew branches and movements conservative haymanot hellenistic humanistic karaite neo hasidism neolog orthodox haredi hasidic litvaks modern open reconstructionist reform relations between movements renewal schisms science secularism atheism syncretic buddhist xueta christianity traditional conservadox scriptures sifrei kodesh tanakh torah nevi im ketuvim rabbinic mishnah talmud tosefta midrash kabbalah texts hekhalot literature pardes rimonim sefer habahir sefer haetz chaim sefer raziel hamalakh sefer yetzirah zohar shulchan aruch siddur studies center for jewish history american jewish historical society american sephardi federation leo baeck institute new york yeshiva university museum yivo institute for jewish research center of contemporary jewish documentation encyclopaedia judaica genetics jew word jewish encyclopedia jewish virtual library national library of israel yivo encyclopedia united states holocaust memorial museum encyclopedia of the holocaust holocaust encyclopedia italics indicate extinct languages category judaism portal v t e jewish life birth and infancy hebrew birthday shalom zachar brit milah zeved habat hebrew name pidyon haben coming of age upsherin wimpel bar and bat mitzvah yeshiva kollel daily life ritual washing prayers and blessings prayer services grace after meals kashrut honorifics marriage marriageable age role of women tzniut yichus matchmaking engagement jewish wedding ketubah chuppah sheva brachot niddah mikvah divorce religious practice 613 commandments customs rites torah study weekly torah reading daf yomi shiur siyum chavrusa chavurah chidush holidays tzedakah religious items sifrei kodesh tanakh torah nevi im ketuvim talmud mishnah tosefta gemara midrash siddur machzor tzitzit tallit tefillin mezuzah kippah menorah shofar four species death chevra kadisha shiva kaddish tehillim yahrzeit yahrzeit candle yizkor honorifics retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title minhag oldid 1325759611 categories minhagim hebrew words and phrases in jewish law jewish law and rituals jewish life cycle hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata pages using sidebar with the child parameter articles containing hebrew language text pages with hebrew ipa all articles with unsourced statements articles with unsourced statements from december 2025 this page was last edited on 5 december 2025 at 00 42 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a 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