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puerto rico suriname uruguay venezuela oceania australia fiji guam new zealand palau culture customs minyan wedding clothing niddah pidyon haben kashrut shidduch surnames ashkenazi sephardic zeved habat conversion to judaism art ancient yiddish theatre dance humour music religious secular cuisine american ashkenazi bukharan ethiopian israeli israelite mizrahi sephardic literature israeli yiddish judeo tat american religion outline god in judaism names principles of faith mitzvot 613 halakha shabbat holidays prayer tzedakah land of israel brit bar and bat mitzvah marriage bereavement baal teshuva off the derech philosophy ethics kabbalah messiah claimants customs rites synagogue rabbi denominations orthodox haredi hasidic modern open traditional conservadox conservative reform reconstructionist humanistic renewal science karaite haymanot texts tanakh torah nevi im ketuvim talmud mishnah gemara rabbinic midrash tosefta targum beit yosef mishneh torah tur shulchan aruch zohar languages hebrew biblical mishnaic medieval modern bukharian ghardaïa sign jewish koine greek judeo arabic judeo aramaic judeo berber judeo gascon judaeo georgian judaeo iranian judeo italian judeo malayalam judaeo spanish judeo tat knaanic shassi yeshivish yevanic yiddish zarphatic politics jewish political movements autonomism bundism conservatism feminism leftism secularism territorialism world agudath israel zionism general green labor kahanism maximalism neo zionism religious revisionist post zionism category portal v t e mizrahi jews hebrew יהודי המִזְרָח also known as mizrahim מִזְרָחִים in plural and mizrahi מִזְרָחִי in singular and alternatively referred to as oriental jews or edot hamizrach עֵדוֹת הַמִּזְרָח lit communities of the east 4 are a grouping of jewish communities that lived in the muslim world mizrahi is a politico sociological term that was coined with the creation of the state of israel it translates as easterner in hebrew 5 6 the term mizrahi is exclusively applied to descendants of jewish communities throughout asia north africa and parts of the north caucasus 7 this includes iraqi jews iranian jews bukharian jews kurdish jews afghan jews mountain jews georgian jews and the small community of bahraini jews 8 9 10 11 the aforementioned groups are believed to derive their ancestry from the babylonian captivity 12 13 yemenite jews are also mizrahi jews although they differ from other mizrahim who have undergone a process of total or partial assimilation to sephardic law and customs syrian jews egyptian jews tunisian jews moroccan jews algerian jews and libyan jews also known as musta arabi jews or maghrebi jews are sometimes labeled as oriental jews or mizrahim although these groups largely merged with the mass arrival of sephardic jews from the iberian peninsula following their late 15th century expulsion from spain and portugal the vast majority of maghrebi jews moroccan algerian and tunisian are sephardim of point of view of the religious rite maghrebi is an arabic term which translates to westerners indian jews specifically cochin jews and bene israel are sometimes labeled as mizrahi although members of the community identify as a separate category as south asian 14 these various jewish communities were first officially grouped into a singular identifiable division during world war ii when they were distinctly outlined in the one million plan of the jewish agency for israel which detailed jewish immigration schema to palestine then under the british mandate for palestine after the holocaust 15 an earlier cultural community of eastern jewish peoples were the sephardim before the establishment of the state of israel in 1948 the ancestors of various communities now labelled mizrahi jews did not identify themselves as a distinctive jewish subgroup 9 16 and many considered themselves sephardim as they largely followed the sephardic rite of judaism with local variations in minhagim the original sephardi jewish community was formed in spain and portugal and after their expulsion in 1492 many sephardim settled in areas where older jewish communities already existed 9 this complicated ethnography has resulted in a conflation of terms particularly in official israeli ethnic and religious terminology with sephardi being used in a broad sense to include mizrahi jews as well as sephardim proper from levant italy balkans and romania western europe america iberian peninsula turkey and northern africa around the mediterranean basin 16 17 9 the chief rabbinate of israel has placed rabbis of mizrahi origin in israel under the jurisdiction of the sephardi chief rabbis who were most of oriental origin 17 following the first arab israeli war 850 000 mizrahi and sephardi jews emigrated or were expelled from central asia west asia the caucasus and north africa between 1948 and the early 1980s 18 19 20 21 a 2018 statistic found that 45 percent of jewish israelis self identified as either mizrahi or sephardi 22 terminology edit mizrahi is literally translated as oriental eastern מזרח mizraḥ hebrew for east in the past the word mizrahim corresponding to the arabic word mashriqiyyun arabic مشرِقيون easterners referred to the natives of turkey partially iraq and other asian countries as distinct from those of north africa maghribiyyun مغرِبيون westerners in medieval and early modern times the corresponding hebrew word ma arav מערב was used for north africa in talmudic and geonic times however this word ma arav referred to the land of israel as contrasted with babylonia for this reason many who object to the use of mizrahi to include moroccan and other north african jews citation needed during the 1940s before israel s establishment the demographer roberto bachi used the categories of mizrahim and ashkenazim in his ethnic classification of the yishuv 23 in the 1950s the jews who came from the communities listed above were simply called and known as jews yahud يهود in arabic to distinguish them in the jewish sub ethnicities israeli officials who themselves were mostly eastern european jews transferred the name mizrahi to them though most of these immigrants arrived from lands located further westward than central europe 24 25 mizrahi is subsequently among the surnames most often changed by israelis 26 and many scholars including avshalom kor 27 claim that the transferring of the name mizrahim was a form of orientalism 28 towards the oriental jews similar to the ways in which westjuden had labeled ostjuden as second class and excluded them from possible positions of power 29 30 the usage of the term mizrahim or edot hamizraḥ עדות המזרח oriental communities grew in israel as a result of the settlement of jewish immigrants from europe north africa the middle east the caucasus and central asia along with followers of ashkenazi sephardi and temani yemenite rites in modern israeli usage it refers to all jews from central and west asian countries many of them arabic speaking muslim majority countries the term came to be widely used by mizrahi activists in the early 1990s since then in israel it has become an accepted semi official and media designation 7 before the establishment of the state of israel mizrahi jews did not identify themselves as a separate jewish subgroup instead they generally characterized themselves as sephardi as they follow the customs and traditions of sephardi judaism but with some differences among the minhag customs of particular communities 31 sami michael rejects the terms mizrahim and edot hamizrach claiming it is a fictitious identity advanced by mapai to preserve a rival to the ashkenazim and help them push the mizrahim below in the social economic ladder so they will not ever be in line with the israeli elites of european jewish descent 32 he also speaks against the mapai manner of labeling all the oriental jews as one folk and erasing their unique and individual history as separated communities instead he wonders why the real easterners of his time who were the eastern european jewish peasants from the villages were not labeled as mizrahi in israel despite this term being more appropriate for them than for the oriental jews who were labeled that way michael also opposes the inclusion of oriental jewish communities who do not descend from sepharadic jews as sepharadim by israeli politicians calling it historically inaccurate he also claims that his work as an author is always referred to as ethnic while european jews work even if historic in theme is not as a result of racism 32 the westerners street in jerusalem israel coined after the maghrebi jews most of the mizrahi activists actually originated from north african jewish communities traditionally called westerners maghrebi rather than easterners mashreqi the jews who emigrated to palestine from north africa in the 19th century and earlier started their own political and religious organization in 1860 which operated in jerusalem and was called the western jewish diaspora council hebrew ועד העדה המערבית בירושלים many jews originating from arab and muslim countries today reject mizrahi or any other umbrella description and prefer to identify themselves by their particular country of origin or that of their immediate ancestors such as moroccan jew or prefer to use the old term sephardi in its broader meaning 33 religious rite designations edit see also sephardic law and customs this section does not cite any sources please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed april 2023 learn how and when to remove this message today many who identify non ashkenazi rite jews as sephardi in modern hebrew sfaradim mixing ancestral origin and religious rite this broader definition of sephardim as including all or most mizrahi jews is also common in jewish religious circles during the past century 20th the sephardi rite absorbed part of the unique rite of the yemenite jews citation needed and lately beta israel religious leaders in israel have also joined sefardi rite collectivities citation needed especially following rejection of their jewishness by some ashkenazi circles the reason for this classification of all mizrahim under sephardi rite is that most mizrahi communities use much the same religious rituals as sephardim proper for historical reasons the prevalence of the sephardi rite among mizrahim is partially a result of sephardim in the narrow sense joining some mizrahi communities following the 1492 alhambra decree which expelled jews from sepharad spain and portugal over the last few centuries the previously distinctive rites of the mizrahi communities were influenced superimposed upon or altogether replaced by the rite of the sephardim which was perceived as more prestigious even before this assimilation the original rite of many jewish oriental communities was already closer to the sephardi rite than to the ashkenazi one for this reason sephardim has come to mean not only spanish jews proper but jews of the spanish rite just as ashkenazim is used for jews of the german rite whether or not their families originate in germany many of the sephardi jews exiled from spain resettled in countries in the arab world such as syria and morocco in syria most eventually intermarried with and assimilated into the larger established communities of musta rabim and mizrahim in some north african countries such as morocco sephardi jews came in greater numbers and so largely contributed to the jewish settlements that the pre existing jews were assimilated by the more recently arrived sephardi jews either way this assimilation combined with the use of the sephardi rite led to the popular designation and conflation of most non ashkenazi jewish communities from western asia and north africa as sephardi rite whether or not they were descended from spanish jews which is what the terms sephardi jews and sfaradim properly implied when used in the ethnic as opposed to the religious sense in some arabic countries such as egypt and syria sephardi jews arrived via the ottoman empire would distinguish themselves from the already established musta rabim while in others such as morocco and algeria the two communities largely intermarried with the latter embracing sephardi customs and thus forming a single community language edit arabic edit further information judeo arabic languages in the arab world such as morocco algeria tunisia libya egypt yemen saudi arabia jordan lebanon and syria and iraqi kurdistan mizrahim most often speak arabic 4 most of the many notable philosophical religious and literary works of the jews in spain north africa and asia were written in arabic using a modified hebrew alphabet citation needed aramaic edit children in a jewish school in baghdad 1959 aramaic is a semitic language subfamily specific varieties of aramaic are identified as jewish languages since they are the languages of major jewish texts such as the talmud and zohar and many ritual recitations such as the kaddish traditionally aramaic has been a language of talmudic debate in yeshivot as many rabbinic texts are written in a mixture of hebrew and aramaic the current hebrew alphabet known as assyrian lettering or the square script was in fact borrowed from aramaic citation needed in kurdistan a region which includes parts of turkey syria iraq and iran the language of the mizrahim is a variant of aramaic 4 as spoken by the kurdish jews judeo aramaic languages are neo aramaic languages descended from jewish babylonian aramaic they are related to the christian aramaic dialects spoken by assyrian people which are syriac christians who claim descent from assyria one of the oldest civilizations in the world dating back to 2500 bce in ancient mesopotamia 34 persian and other languages and dialects edit among other languages associated with mizrahim are judeo iranian languages such as judeo persian the bukhori dialect judeo tat and kurdish languages georgian judeo marathi an...