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also often highly stylized writers readily formed ligatures and abbreviations for nomina sacra including diacritics called karagma which resemble titla because writing materials such as vellum were scarce and therefore precious abbreviating was a practical measure widespread in manuscripts and hagiography by the 11th century 75 a nuskhuri abbreviation of რომელი romeli which a nuskhuri abbreviation of იესუ ქრისტე iesu kriste jesus christ mkhedruli in the 11th to 17th centuries also came to employ digraphs to the point that they were obligatory requiring adherence to a complex system 75 a mkhedruli ligature of და da and mkhedruli calligraphy of prince garsevan chavchavadze and king archil ii typefaces edit georgian scripts come in only a single type face though word processors can apply automatic fake 76 oblique and bold formatting to georgian text traditionally asomtavruli was used for chapter or section titles where latin script might use bold or italic type punctuation edit in asomtavruli and nuskhuri punctuation various combinations of dots were used as word dividers and to separate phrases clauses and paragraphs in monumental inscriptions and manuscripts of 5th to 10th centuries these were written as dashes like and in the 10th century clusters of one two three and six dots later sometimes small circles were introduced by ephrem mtsire to indicate increasing breaks in the text one dot indicated a minor stop presumably a simple word break two dots marked or separated special words three dots for a bigger stop such as the appositive name and title the sovereign alexander below or the title of the gospel of matthew above and six dots were to indicate the end of the sentence starting in the 11th century marks resembling the apostrophe and comma came into use an apostrophe was used to mark an interrogative word and a comma appeared at the end of an interrogative sentence from the 12th century on these were replaced with the semicolon the greek question mark in the 18th century patriarch anton i of georgia reformed the system again with commas single dots and double dots used to mark complete incomplete and final sentences respectively 77 for the most part georgian today uses the punctuation as in international usage of the latin script 78 signature of king alexander ii of kakheti with the divider ჴლმწიფე ალექსანდრე the sovereign alexander summary edit the georgian letter ვ is on the wikipedia logo lower left the alphabetic tower seen on panorama of georgia s port city of batumi this table lists the three scripts in parallel columns including the letters that are now obsolete in all alphabets shown with a blue background obsolete in georgian but still used in other alphabets green background or additional letters in languages other than georgian pink background the national transliteration is the system used by the georgian government whereas laz is the latin laz alphabet used in turkey the table also shows the traditional numeric values of the letters 79 letters unicode mkhedruli name ipa transcriptions numeric value asomtavruli nuskhuri mkhedruli mtavruli national iso 9984 bgn laz ⴀ ⴀ ა ა u 10d0 ani ɑ svan a æ a a a a a a a a 1 ⴁ ⴁ ბ ბ u 10d1 bani b b b b b b b b b 2 ⴂ ⴂ გ გ u 10d2 gani ɡ g g g g g g g g 3 ⴃ ⴃ დ დ u 10d3 doni d d d d d d d d d 4 ⴄ ⴄ ე ე u 10d4 eni ɛ e e e e e e e e 5 ⴅ ⴅ ვ ვ u 10d5 vini v v v v v v v v v 6 ⴆ ⴆ ზ ზ u 10d6 zeni z z z z z z z z z 7 ⴡ ⴡ ჱ ჱ u 10f1 he eɪ svan eː ē ē ey ey 8 ⴇ ⴇ თ თ u 10d7 tani t ʰ t t tʼ tʼ tʼ tʼ t t 9 ⴈ ⴈ ი ი u 10d8 ini i i i i i i i i i 10 ⴉ ⴉ კ კ u 10d9 kʼani kʼ kʼ kʼ k k k k ǩ ǩ 20 ⴊ ⴊ ლ ლ u 10da lasi l l l l l l l l l 30 ⴋ ⴋ მ მ u 10db mani m m m m m m m m m 40 ⴌ ⴌ ნ ნ u 10dc nari n n n n n n n n n 50 ⴢ ⴢ ჲ ჲ u 10f2 hie je mingrelian laz svan j y y j j y y 60 ⴍ ⴍ ო ო u 10dd oni ɔ svan ɔ œ o o o o o o o o 70 ⴎ ⴎ პ პ u 10de pʼari pʼ pʼ pʼ p p p p p̌ p̌ 80 ⴏ ⴏ ჟ ჟ u 10df zhani ʒ zh zh ž ž zh zh j j 90 ⴐ ⴐ რ რ u 10e0 rae r r r r r r r r r 100 ⴑ ⴑ ს ს u 10e1 sani s s s s s s s s s 200 ⴒ ⴒ ტ ტ u 10e2 tʼari tʼ tʼ tʼ t t t t ť t͏̌ 300 ⴣ ⴣ ჳ ჳ u 10f3 vie uɪ svan w w w 400 b ⴓ ⴓ უ უ u 10e3 uni u svan u y u u u u u u u u 400 b ⴧ ⴧ ჷ ჷ u 10f7 yn schva mingrelian svan ə ⴔ ⴔ ფ ფ u 10e4 pari p ʰ p p pʼ pʼ pʼ pʼ p p 500 ⴕ ⴕ ქ ქ u 10e5 kani k ʰ k k kʼ kʼ kʼ kʼ k k 600 ⴖ ⴖ ღ ღ u 10e6 ghani ɣ gh gh ḡ ḡ gh gh ğ ğ 700 ⴗ ⴗ ყ ყ u 10e7 qʼari qʼ qʼ qʼ q q q q q q 800 ჸ ჸ u 10f8 elif mingrelian svan ʔ ⴘ ⴘ შ შ u 10e8 shini ʃ sh sh š š sh sh ş ş 900 ⴙ ⴙ ჩ ჩ u 10e9 chini tʃ ʰ ch ch čʼ čʼ chʼ chʼ ç ç 1000 ⴚ ⴚ ც ც u 10ea tsani ts ʰ ts ts cʼ cʼ tsʼ tsʼ ʒ ʒ 2000 ⴛ ⴛ ძ ძ u 10eb dzili dz dz dz j j dz dz ž ž 3000 ⴜ ⴜ წ წ u 10ec tsʼili tsʼ tsʼ tsʼ c c ts ts ǯ ǯ 4000 ⴝ ⴝ ჭ ჭ u 10ed chʼari tʃʼ chʼ chʼ č č ch ch ç̌ ç̌ 5000 ⴞ ⴞ ხ ხ u 10ee khani χ kh kh x x kh kh x x 6000 ⴤ ⴤ ჴ ჴ u 10f4 qari hari q ʰ ẖ ẖ qʼ 7000 ⴟ ⴟ ჯ ჯ u 10ef jani dʒ j j ǰ ǰ j j c c 8000 ⴠ ⴠ ჰ ჰ u 10f0 hae h h h h h h h h h 9000 ⴥ ⴥ ჵ ჵ u 10f5 hoe oː bats ʕ ɦ ō ō 10000 ჶ ჶ u 10f6 fi laz f f f f f ჹ ჹ u 10f9 turned gani dagestanian languages ɢ in evangelical literature 1 ჺ ჺ u 10fa aini bats ʕ 1 ჼ u 10fc modifier nar bats ̃ nasalization of preceding vowel 67 ⴭ ⴭ ჽ ჽ u 10fd aen 69 ossetian ə 68 ჾ ჾ u 10fe hard sign 69 abkhaz velarization of preceding consonant 69 ჿ ჿ u 10ff labial sign 69 abkhaz labialization of preceding consonant 69 use for other non kartvelian languages edit old avar cross with avar inscriptions in asomtavruli script left ossetian text written in mkhedruli script from a book on ossetian folklore published in south ossetia in 1940 the non georgian letters ჶ f and ჷ ə can be seen northwest caucasian languages edit abkhaz until the 1940s 80 circassian historically later replaced in the 17th century by arabic and by the cyrillic script in the 20th century 81 82 northeast caucasian languages edit ingush historically later replaced in the 17th century by arabic and by the cyrillic script in the 20th century 83 chechen historically later replaced in the 17th century by arabic and by the cyrillic script in the 20th century 84 avar historically later replaced in the 17th century by arabic and by the cyrillic script in the 20th century 85 86 other northeast caucasian languages the georgian script was used for writing north caucasian and dagestani languages in connection with georgian missionary activities in the areas starting in the 18th century 87 indo european languages edit ossetian until the 1940s 88 persian the 18th century persian translation of the arabic gospel is kept at the national center of manuscripts in tbilisi armenian in the armenian community in tbilisi the georgian script was occasionally used for writing armenian in the 18th and 19th centuries and some samples of this kind of texts are kept at the georgian national center of manuscripts in tbilisi 89 russian in the collections of the national center of manuscripts in tbilisi there are also a few short poems in the russian language written in georgian script dating from the late 18th and early 19th centuries turkic languages edit turkish a turkish gospel dictionary poems medical book dating from the 18th century 90 azerbaijani used by azeris in georgia 91 computing edit the georgian letter ღ ghani is often used as a love or heart symbol online the georgian letter ლ lasi is sometimes used as a hand or fist in emoticons ex ლ ლ unicode edit the first georgian script was included in unicode standard in october 1991 with the release of version 1 0 in creating the georgian unicode block important roles were played by german jost gippert a linguist of kartvelian studies and american irish linguist and script encoder michael everson who created the georgian unicode for the macintosh systems 92 significant contributions were also made by anton dumbadze and irakli garibashvili 93 not to be mistaken with the former prime minister of georgia irakli garibashvili georgian mkhedruli script received an official status for being georgia s internationalized domain name script for გე 94 mtavruli letters were added in unicode version 11 0 in june 2018 95 they are capital letters with similar letterforms to mkhedruli but with descenders shifted above the baseline with a wider central oval and with the top slightly higher than the ascender height 96 97 98 before this addition font creators included mtavruli in various ways some fonts came in pairs of which one had lowercase letters and the other uppercase some unicode fonts placed mtavruli letterforms in the asomtavruli range u 10a0 u 10cf or in the private use area and some ascii based ones mapped them to the ascii capital letters 61 blocks edit main articles georgian unicode block georgian supplement unicode block and georgian extended unicode block georgian characters are found in three unicode blocks the first block u 10a0 u 10ff is simply called georgian mkhedruli modern georgian occupies the u 10d0 u 10ff range shown in the bottom half of the first table below and asomtavruli occupies the u 10a0 u 10cf range shown in the top half of the same table the second block is the georgian supplement u 2d00 u 2d2f and it contains nuskhuri 1 mtavruli capitals are included in the georgian extended block u 1c90 u 1cbf mtavruli is defined as the upper case but not title case of mkhedruli and asomtavruli as the upper case and title case of nuskhuri 99 georgian 1 2 official unicode consortium code chart pdf 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f u 10ax ⴀ ⴁ ⴂ ⴃ ⴄ ⴅ ⴆ ⴇ ⴈ ⴉ ⴊ ⴋ ⴌ ⴍ ⴎ ⴏ u 10bx ⴐ ⴑ ⴒ ⴓ ⴔ ⴕ ⴖ ⴗ ⴘ ⴙ ⴚ ⴛ ⴜ ⴝ ⴞ ⴟ u 10cx ⴠ ⴡ ⴢ ⴣ ⴤ ⴥ ⴧ ⴭ u 10dx ა ბ გ დ ე ვ ზ თ ი კ ლ მ ნ ო პ ჟ u 10ex რ ს ტ უ ფ ქ ღ ყ შ ჩ ც ძ წ ჭ ხ ჯ u 10fx ჰ ჱ ჲ ჳ ჴ ჵ ჶ ჷ ჸ ჹ ჺ ჼ ჽ ჾ ჿ notes 1 as of unicode version 17 0 2 grey areas indicate non assigned code points georgian supplement 1 2 official unicode consortium code chart pdf 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f u 2d0x ⴀ ⴁ ⴂ ⴃ ⴄ ⴅ ⴆ ⴇ ⴈ ⴉ ⴊ ⴋ ⴌ ⴍ ⴎ ⴏ u 2d1x ⴐ ⴑ ⴒ ⴓ ⴔ ⴕ ⴖ ⴗ ⴘ ⴙ ⴚ ⴛ ⴜ ⴝ ⴞ ⴟ u 2d2x ⴠ ⴡ ⴢ ⴣ ⴤ ⴥ ⴧ ⴭ notes 1 as of unicode version 17 0 2 grey areas indicate non assigned code points georgian extended 1 2 official unicode consortium code chart pdf 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f u 1c9x ა ბ გ დ ე ვ ზ თ ი კ ლ მ ნ ო პ ჟ u 1cax რ ს ტ უ ფ ქ ღ ყ შ ჩ ც ძ წ ჭ ხ ჯ u 1cbx ჰ ჱ ჲ ჳ ჴ ჵ ჶ ჷ ჸ ჹ ჺ ჽ ჾ ჿ notes 1 as of unicode version 17 0 2 grey areas indicate non assigned code points non unicode encodings edit mac os georgian is a character encoding created by michael everson for georgian on classic mac os it is an extended ascii encoding using the 128 code points from 0x80 through 0xff to represent the characters of the asomtavruli and mkhedruli scripts plus a number of widely used symbols not included in 7 bit ascii 100 keyboard layouts edit main article georgian keyboard below is the standard georgian language keyboard layout the traditional layout of manual typewriters 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 _ backspace tab key ღ ჯ უ კ ე ჱ ნ გ შ წ ზ ხ ჴ ც caps lock ფ ჶ ძ ვ ჳ თ ა პ რ ო ლ დ ჟ enter key shift key ჭ ჩ ყ ს მ ი ჲ ტ ქ ბ ჰ ჵ shift key control key win key alt key space bar altgr key win key menu key control key gallery of the script examples edit gallery of asomtavruli nuskhuri and mkhedruli scripts asomtavruli script examples edit asomtavruli inscriptions edit bir el qutt inscriptions ca ad 430 bas relief from bolnisi sioni cathedral ad 493 494 doliskana inscriptions 10th century ishkhani church 1006 nikortsminda cathedral church inscriptions barakoni church inscriptions asomtavruli manuscripts edit georgian palimpsest ncm a 844 lower layer gospel text radiocarbon dated to the 7th c 101 upper layer gospel lectionary dateable to 11th cent khanmeti lectionary graz ubg ms 2058 1 radiocarbon dated to the 5th 6th cc 102 nuskhuri script examples edit mikael modrekili iadgari hymn book 10th century manuscript scroll comprising the text of the liturgy of john chrysostom graz ubg ms 2058 5 11th 12th centuries 103 minor nomocanon ncm s 143 11th century john climacus the ladder of divine ascent copied by nikrai 1160 jruchi gospels 13th century mokvi gospel nca q 902 1300 vani four gospels nca a 1335 12th 13th cc mkhedruli script examples edit royal charter of king bagrat iv of georgia royal charter of king george ii of georgia royal charter of king david iv of georgia royal charter of king george iii of georgia royal charter of queen tamar of georgia royal charter of king george iv of georgia royal charter of king george v of georgia see also edit armazic language bashplemi lake tablet notes edit dated per bir el qutt inscriptions archaeologically documented oldest found georgian inscription exact date of introduction is unclear 1 2 ჳ and უ have the same numeric value 400 references edit 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 unicode standard v 6 3 u10a0 p 3 1 2 shanidze 2000 p 444 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 seibt werner 8 september 2011 the creation of the caucasian alphabets as phenomenon of cultural history via academia edu machavariani 2011 p 329 sfn error no target citerefmachavariani2011 help hüning vogl moliner 2012 p 299 georgian alphabet granted cultural heritage status agenda ge 10 march 2015 archived from the original on 1 december 2016 retrieved 30 november 2016 living culture of three writing systems of the georgian alphabet representative list of the intangible cultural heritage of humanity unesco archived from the original on 3 december 2016 retrieved 30 november 2016 1 2 3 hewitt 1995 p 4 west 2010 p 230 archaeological work in the last decade has confirmed that a georgian alphabet did exist very early in georgia s history with the first examples being dated from the fifth century c e chilashvili levan 2004 ნეკრესის უძველესი ქართული წარწერები და ქართული დამწერლობის ისტორიის საკითხები the ancient georgian inscriptions of nekresi and questions of the history of georgian writing in georgian tbilisi georgian national museum georgian academy of sciences pp 17 18 isbn 99940 0 220 1 fähnrich heinz 2013 die ältesten georgischen inschriften the oldest georgian inscriptions leiden boston pp 190 193 isbn 978 9004249219 cite book cs1 maint location missing publisher link rapp 2003 p 19 footnote 43 the date of the supposed grave marker is hopelessly circumstantial i cannot support chilashvili s dubious hypothesis rayfield 2013 1 2 rapp 2010 p 139 kemertelidze 1999 pp 228 229 koryun 1981 the life of mashtots translated by norehad bedros archived from the original on 27 september 2011 retrieved 24 april 2018 via armenianhouse org rayfield 2013 p 19 the georgian alphabet seems unlikely to have a pre christian origin for the major archaeological monument of the 1st century 4ix the bilingual armazi gravestone commemorating serafua daughter of the georgian viceroy of mtskheta is inscribed in greek and aramaic only it has been believed and not only in armenia that all the caucasian alphabets armenian georgian and caucaso albanian were invented in the 4th century by the armenian scholar mesrop mashtots the georgian chronicles the life of kartli assert that a georgian script was invented two centuries before christ an assertion unsupported by archaeology there is a possibility that ...