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Text of the page (random words):
22 languages अंगिका অসমীয়া azərbaycanca brezhoneg deutsch suomi français हिन्दी bahasa indonesia 日本語 ಕನ್ನಡ मैथिली ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ मराठी नेपाली polski پنجابی русский संस्कृतम् தமிழ் ไทย 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia historical script used in the maratha empire mōḍī मोडी 𑘦𑘻𑘚𑘲 modi varnamala alphabet chart divided into 11 vowels 𑘭𑘿𑘪𑘨 a b 36 basic consonants 𑘪𑘿𑘧𑘗𑘿𑘕𑘡 10 vowel diacritics 𑘦𑘰𑘝𑘿𑘨𑘰 4 special diacritic marks 𑘭𑘿𑘪𑘨𑘰𑘟𑘲 3 punctuation signs and an invocation sign used in modi documents at the very top c script type abugida period c 1200 or c 1600 c r1950 1 2 two different origin theories direction left to right languages primary marathi sometimes konkani hindi gujarati kannada telugu and sanskrit 1 2 related scripts parent systems proto sinaitic script phoenician alphabet aramaic alphabet brahmi gupta siddhaṃ nāgarī mōḍī sister systems gujarati kaithi devanagari nandinagari gunjala gondi iso 15924 iso 15924 modi 324 modi moḍī unicode unicode alias modi unicode range u 11600 u 1165f final accepted script proposal brahmic scripts the brahmi script and its descendants northern brahmic gupta śāradā laṇḍā scripts gurmukhī khojkī khudābādī multānī mahājanī laṅgaṛī bhaṭṭākharī tākri scripts chambeali tākri sirmauri tākri jaunsari tākri mahasu tākri mandeali tākri ḍōgarā sāṁcā scripts pābūcī bhaṭṭākṣarī paṇḍwāṇī candwāṇī bāgoī siddhaṃ nāgarī scripts devanāgarī gujarātī mōḍī gunjala gōṇḍī nandināgarī konkannāgarī kaithī síloṭi nāgarī kāmarūpī ôxômiya traditional gaudi bengali assamese bānglā ôxômiya standard tirhutā oṛiā nepalese scripts prachalit pāchūmōl hiṁmōl kuṁmōl bhujimōl golmōl kveṁmōl litumōl rañjanā soyombo tibetan üchen umê jôyig meitei róng limbu khēmā ʼphags pa zanabazar square marchen marchung pungs chen pungs chung drusha tamyig kalinga bhaikṣukī tocharian southern brahmic bhaṭṭiprōlu box headed script kadaṁba telugu kannada kannaḍa goykānaḍī telugu tamil brahmi vaṭṭeḻuttu koleḻuttŭ malayāṇma pallava tamiḻ grantha tigalari malayalam malayāḷam tigaḷāri thirke dhivēs akuru saurāṣṭra siṁhala khmer khom thai proto tai script sukhothai thai fakkham thai noi lao tai viet dai don lai tay lai pao cham kawi balinese batak buda javanese old sundanese sundanese lontara makasar ulu scripts incung lampung lembak ogan pasemah rejang serawai baybayin buhid hanunoo tagbanwa kulitan mon burmese burmese western pwo karen s gaw karen shan tanchangya lik tai scripts ahom khamti tai le modern mon chakma tai tham new tai lue pyu v t e you may need rendering support to display the uncommon unicode characters in this article correctly modi marathi मोडी 𑘦𑘻𑘚𑘲 mōḍī marathi pronunciation moːɖiː 3 is an old script used to write the marathi language which is the primary language spoken in the state of maharashtra india there are multiple theories concerning its origin 4 the modi script was used alongside the devanagari script to write marathi until the 20th century when the balbodh style of the devanagari script was promoted as the standard writing system for marathi 5 etymology edit the name modi may be derived from the marathi verb moḍaṇe marathi मोडणे which means to bend or break modi is believed to be derived from broken devanagari characters which lends support to that particular etymology 2 origin theories edit hemāḍapanta origin theory edit see also hemāḍpant hemāḍpant was a minister during the reign of mahadeva 6 ruled 1261 1271 and the initial years of the reign of rāmachandra ruled 1271 to 1309 7 of the yadava dynasty 8 9 10 creation subtheory edit hemāḍapanta created the modi script 9 refinement subtheory edit the modi script already existed in the 13th century it was refined and introduced as an official script for marathi by hemāḍpant 1 sri lanka subtheory edit hemāḍpant brought the modi script to india from sri lanka 2 10 bāḷājī avajī chitnis origin theory edit see also khando ballal bāḷājī avajī s son bāḷājī avajī chitnis was the secretary of state to the maratha king shivaji maharaj ruled 1642 1680 2 history edit a verse from the dnyaneshwari in the mōḍī script there are various styles of the modi script associated with a particular era many changes occurred in each era 2 6 proto modi edit the proto modi or ādyakālīna आद्यकालीन style appeared in the 12th century citation needed yādava era edit the yādava era style or yādavakālīna यादवकालीन emerged as a distinct style in the 13th century during the yādava dynasty citation needed bahamanī era edit the bahamanī era style or bahamanīkālīna बहमनीकालीन appeared in the 14th 16th centuries during the years of the bahmani sultanate citation needed chatrapati shivaji era edit during the rule of shivaji the shivaji style or shivakālīna शिवकालीन which was during the 17th century the chitnisi style of the modi script developed citation needed peshwa era edit in the peshwa era or peshvekālīna पेश्वेकालीन various modi styles proliferated during the time of the maratha empire and lasted until 1818 the distinct styles of modi used during this period were chitnisi bilavalkari mahadevapanti and ranadi even though all of these were quite popular chitnisi was the most prominent and frequently used script for modi writing citation needed post independence era edit an effort to conserve the modi script under india post s my stamp scheme here the word marathi is printed in the modi script the use of modi has diminished since the independence of india now the balbodh style of devanagari is the primary script used to write marathi 11 12 revival efforts edit linguists in pune spearheaded the modi script revival movement in 2014 13 by 2025 over 400 students had been trained to understand it 14 additionally a primary school has begun teaching the modi script to the next generation 15 description edit overview edit the modi script derives from the nāgari family of scripts and is a modification of the balbodh style of the devanagari script intended for continuous writing although modi is based upon devanagari it differs considerably from it in terms of letter forms rendering behaviours and orthography the shapes of some consonants vowels and vowel signs are similar the differences are visible in the behaviours of these characters in certain circumstances such as consonant vowel combinations and consonant conjuncts which are standard features of modi orthography the modi script has 46 distinctive letters of which 36 are consonants and 10 vowels 2 cursive features edit the modi script has several characteristics that facilitate writing minimising having to lift the pen from the paper for dipping in ink while moving from one character to the next some characters are broken versions of their devanagari counterparts and many characters are more circular in shape these characteristics make modi a sort of cursive style of writing marathi the cursive nature of the script also allowed scribes to easily make multiple copies of a document if required 13 shown here is a picture showing all the modi script characters in the kotem1 clip font features of the letters edit numerous modifications are made to the modi script in writing as shortcuts reflecting its history as a quasi shorthand form of devanagari the consonants fall into three broad categories 1 those that always retain their isolated form and attach their dependent vowel forms in a way common to most indic scripts 2 those that take on a contextual form and change their form only in the presence of a dependent vowel immediately after in which case those vowel forms are attached to the contextual form of the consonant in a uniform way as done with the consonants in category 1 and with most other indic alphabets and 3 those that form ligatures in the presence of vowel following the consonants the ligatures are generally determined by the shape of the consonant and the presence of a loop on the right regarding conjuncts as in devanagari ksha and tra have special conjuncts while other consonants typically occupy half forms or contextual forms the letter ra is special as it can take different visual positions as the first consonant in a conjunct cluster depending on whether it is palatalized or not as the second consonant in a cluster however it functions almost identically as in devanagari alternative forms of the letter ra are also used to make multisyllabic clusters involving it this is seen in kara tara sara and a few others as a subjoined ra to the bottom right of a letter and in joining at the end of other syllables it is seen with a curved head following dependent vowel signs like aa and punctuation marks like dandas the ra also joins underneath and any additional vowel marks are written directly on top of the subjoined ra modi also has an empty circle that indicates abbreviations which also may have been borrowed by goykanadi used for writing konkani which is closely related to marathi head stroke edit the head stroke in modi is unlike devanagari in that it is typically written before the letters are in order to produce a ruled page for writing modi in lines thus there are no word boundaries that can be visibly seen since the head stroke does not break between words usage edit the modi script was frequently used as a shorthand script for swift writing in business and administration modi was used primarily by administrative people as well as businessmen in keeping their accounts and writing hundis credit notes modi was also used to encrypt the message since not all people were well versed in reading this script 13 letters edit consonants 𑘎 ka 𑘏 kha 𑘐 ga 𑘑 gha 𑘒 ṅa 𑘓 ca 𑘔 cha 𑘕 ja 𑘖 jha 𑘗 ña 𑘘 ṭa 𑘙 ṭha 𑘚 ḍa 𑘛 ḍha 𑘜 ṇa 𑘝 ta 𑘞 tha 𑘟 da 𑘠 dha 𑘡 na 𑘢 pa 𑘣 pha 𑘤 ba 𑘥 bha 𑘦 ma 𑘧 ya 𑘨 ra 𑘩 la 𑘪 va 𑘫 śa 𑘬 ṣa 𑘭 sa 𑘮 ha 𑘯 ḷa vowels vowel a ā i ī u ū r̥ r̥̄ l̥ l̥̄ independent 𑘀 𑘁 𑘂 𑘃 𑘄 𑘅 𑘆 𑘇 𑘈 𑘉 dependent 𑘰 𑘱 𑘲 𑘳 𑘴 𑘵 𑘶 𑘷 𑘸 vowel e ai o au independent 𑘊 𑘋 𑘌 𑘍 dependent 𑘹 𑘺 𑘻 𑘼 signs 𑘽 ṁ 𑘾 ḥ 𑘿 virama 𑙀 ardhacandra punctuations danda double danda abbr sign 𑙄 huva invocation numerals edit digits 𑙐 0 𑙑 1 𑙒 2 𑙓 3 𑙔 4 𑙕 5 𑙖 6 𑙗 7 𑙘 8 𑙙 9 printing and typing edit printing edit before printing in marathi was possible the modi script was used for writing prose and balbodh was used for writing poetry when printing in marathi became possible choosing between modi and balbodh was a problem william carey published the first book on marathi grammar in 1805 using balbodh since printing in the modi script was not available to him in serampore bengal at the time marathi books were generally written in balbodh however subsequent editions of william carey s book on marathi grammar starting in 1810 were written in the modi script 16 17 using offset printing machines previously lithography printing was in vogue typing edit the word modi in modern modi script the modi script was included in unicode for the first time in version 7 0 2 18 this inclusion has recently led to the development of unicode fonts for modi such as marathicursive and noto sans modi also a unicode keyboard layout for modi named modi kagapa phonetic has been recently added in the xkb keyboard stack 19 which is mainly used in linux based operating systems the character mapping of this keyboard layout is similar to the existing marathi kagapa phonetic layout but uses modi s dedicated unicode block for typing documents in the modi script edit most documents in modi are handwritten the oldest document in the modi script is from 1389 and is preserved at the bhārat itihās sanshodhan mandal bism in pune 6 the majority of documents and correspondence from before shivaji raje bhonsle s times are written in the modi script 13 unicode edit see also modi unicode block the modi alphabet u 11600 u 1165f was added to the unicode standard in june 2014 with the release of version 7 0 modi 1 2 official unicode consortium code chart pdf 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f u 1160x 𑘀 𑘁 𑘂 𑘃 𑘄 𑘅 𑘆 𑘇 𑘈 𑘉 𑘊 𑘋 𑘌 𑘍 𑘎 𑘏 u 1161x 𑘐 𑘑 𑘒 𑘓 𑘔 𑘕 𑘖 𑘗 𑘘 𑘙 𑘚 𑘛 𑘜 𑘝 𑘞 𑘟 u 1162x 𑘠 𑘡 𑘢 𑘣 𑘤 𑘥 𑘦 𑘧 𑘨 𑘩 𑘪 𑘫 𑘬 𑘭 𑘮 𑘯 u 1163x 𑘰 𑘱 𑘲 𑘳 𑘴 𑘵 𑘶 𑘷 𑘸 𑘹 𑘺 𑘻 𑘼 𑘽 𑘾 𑘿 u 1164x 𑙀 𑙄 u 1165x 𑙐 𑙑 𑙒 𑙓 𑙔 𑙕 𑙖 𑙗 𑙘 𑙙 notes 1 as of unicode version 17 0 2 grey areas indicate non assigned code points sample text edit modi 𑘦𑘰𑘖𑘰 𑘦𑘨𑘰𑘙𑘲𑘓𑘲 𑘤𑘻𑘩𑘳 𑘎𑘼𑘝𑘳𑘎𑘹 𑘢𑘨𑘲 𑘀𑘦𑘵𑘝𑘰𑘝𑘹𑘮𑘱 𑘢𑘺𑘕𑘰𑘭𑘲 𑘕𑘲𑘽𑘎𑘹 𑘋𑘭𑘲 𑘀𑘎𑘿𑘬𑘨𑘹 𑘨𑘭𑘲𑘎𑘹 𑘦𑘹𑘯𑘪𑘲𑘡 dnyaneshwar devanagari balbodh माझा मराठीची बोलू कौतुके परि अमृतातेहि पैजासी जिंके ऐसी अक्षरे रसिके मेळवीन संत ज्ञानेश्वर roman iast mājhā marāṭhīcī bolū kautuke pari amṛtātehi paijāsī jiṃke aisī akṣare rasike mel̤avīna saṃta jñāneśvara see also edit balbodh cursive notes edit the letters 𑘂 i and 𑘅 ū and their diacritics have been attested and therefore are included in this chart however modi generally uses 𑘃 for both i and ī and 𑘄 for both u and ū sanskrit origin vocalics 𑘆 𑘇 𑘈 𑘉 have modi equivalents even though their usage is extremely limited only 𑘆 has been included due to indic script traditions modi is a cursive handwritten script with a unique practice of having one long headstroke śirorekhā connecting all the words in a line this is distinct from devanagari and other nagari scripts where the headstroke is only limited to full letters or words references edit 1 2 3 bhimraoji rajendra 28 february 2014 reviving the modi script pdf typoday archived from the original pdf on 7 december 2014 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 pandey anshuman 5 november 2011 n4034 proposal to encode the modi script in iso iec 10646 pdf iso iec jtc1 sc2 wg2 sahitya akademi 1992 encyclopaedia of indian literature volume v sahitya akademi new delhi p 3898 isbn 81 260 1221 8 krishnaji mhatre a life dedicated to modi mumbai mirror 24 october 2017 archived from the original on 10 august 2020 retrieved 10 august 2020 sohoni pushkar may 2017 marathi of a single type the demise of the modi script modern asian studies 51 3 662 685 doi 10 1017 s0026749x15000542 issn 0026 749x s2cid 148081127 1 2 3 kulkarni sadanand a borde prashant l manza ramesh r yannawar pravin l 2014 offline handwritten modi character recognition using hu zernike moments and zoning arxiv 1406 6140 cs cv eternal garden mysticism history and politics at a south asian sufi center by carl w ernst p 107 mokashi digambar balkrishna 1 july 1987 palkhi an indian pilgrimage suny press p 37 isbn 0 88706 461 2 1 2 mann gurinder singh 1 march 2001 the making of sikh scripture oxford university press us p 1 isbn 0 19 513024 3 1 2 modi lipi alphabets september 2008 archived from the original on 25 october 2013 chhatrapati shahu sangave vilas adinath khane b d 1997 rajarshi shahu chhatrapati papers vol 7 shahu research institute archived from the original on 7 december 2014 history of modi lipi modi lipi archived from the original on 25 october 2013 1 2 3 4 band of researchers enthusiasts strive to kee...