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monsanto process wikipedia jump to content main menu main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 catalytic cycle 2 tennessee eastman acetic anhydride process 3 references 4 external links toggle the table of contents monsanto process 15 languages العربية čeština deutsch español فارسی suomi français bahasa indonesia italiano 日本語 nederlands português română simple english 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia redirected from monsanto acetic acid process method for the manufacture of acetic acid the monsanto process is an industrial method for the manufacture of acetic acid by catalytic carbonylation of methanol 1 the monsanto process has largely been supplanted by the cativa process a similar iridium based process developed by bp chemicals ltd which is more economical and environmentally friendly this process operates at a pressure of 30 60 atm and a temperature of 150 200 c and gives a selectivity greater than 99 it was developed in 1960 by the german chemical company basf and improved by the monsanto company in 1966 which introduced a new catalyst system 2 catalytic cycle edit the catalytic cycle of the monsanto process the catalytically active species is the anion cis rh co 2 i 2 top of scheme 3 the first organometallic step is the oxidative addition of methyl iodide to cis rh co 2 i 2 to form the hexacoordinate species ch 3 rh co 2 i 3 this anion rapidly transforms via the migration of a methyl group to an adjacent carbonyl ligand affording the pentacoordinate acetyl complex ch 3 co rh co i 3 this five coordinate complex then reacts with carbon monoxide to form the six coordinate dicarbonyl complex which undergoes reductive elimination to release acetyl iodide ch 3 c o i the catalytic cycle involves two non organometallic steps conversion of methanol to methyl iodide and the hydrolysis of the acetyl iodide to acetic acid and hydrogen iodide 4 the reaction has been shown to be first order with respect to methyl iodide and rh co 2 i 2 hence the oxidative addition of methyl iodide is proposed as the rate determining step tennessee eastman acetic anhydride process edit acetic anhydride is produced by carbonylation of methyl acetate in a process that is similar to the monsanto acetic acid synthesis methyl acetate is used in place of methanol as a source of methyl iodide 5 ch 3 co 2 ch 3 co ch 3 co 2 o in this process lithium iodide converts methyl acetate to lithium acetate and methyl iodide which in turn affords through carbonylation acetyl iodide acetyl iodide reacts with acetate salts or acetic acid to give the anhydride rhodium iodides and lithium salts are employed as catalysts because acetic anhydride hydrolyzes the conversion is conducted under anhydrous conditions in contrast to the monsanto acetic acid synthesis references edit hosea cheung robin s tanke g paul torrence acetic acid in ullmann s encyclopedia of industrial chemistry 2002 wiley vch weinheim doi 10 1002 14356007 a01_045 production method the monsanto process www greener industry org uk archived from the original on 2014 08 11 retrieved 2014 08 27 hartwig j f organotransition metal chemistry from bonding to catalysis university science books new york 2010 isbn 189138953x jones j h 2000 the cativa process for the manufacture of acetic acid pdf platinum metals rev 44 3 94 105 doi 10 1595 003214000x44394105 zoeller j r agreda v h cook s l lafferty n l polichnowski s w pond d m 1992 eastman chemical company acetic anhydride process catalysis today 13 1 73 91 doi 10 1016 0920 5861 92 80188 s external links edit https web archive org web 20050412040850 http www uyseg org catalysis ethacid ethacid2 htm v t e organometallic chemistry principles crystal field theory ligand field theory 18 electron rule d electron count polyhedral skeletal electron pair theory isolobal principle π backbonding dewar chatt duncanson model hapticity spin states agostic interaction metal ligand multiple bond reactions oxidative addition reductive elimination migratory insertion β hydride elimination transmetalation carbometalation hydrometalation types of compounds gilman reagents grignard reagents cyclopentadienyl complexes transition metal indenyl complexes transition metal fullerene complexes metallocenes metal tetranorbornyls sandwich compounds half sandwich compounds transition metal acyl complexes transition metal carbene complexes transition metal carbyne complexes transition metal alkene complexes transition metal alkyne complexes transition metal allyl complexes transition metal carbides arene complexes of univalent gallium indium and thallium applications carbonylation cativa process grignard reaction monsanto process olefin metathesis shell higher olefin process ziegler natta process related branches of chemistry organic chemistry inorganic chemistry bioinorganic chemistry category retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title monsanto_process oldid 1283769311 categories organometallic chemistry rhodium catalysis chemical processes monsanto hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata cs1 unfit url this page was last edited on 3 april 2025 at 15 25 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation inc a non profit organization privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers contact wikipedia legal safety contacts code of conduct developers statistics cookie statement mobile view search search toggle the table of contents monsanto process 15 languages add topic