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f the process of inversion described above present tense edit the present tense of kteb is as follows i am writing ka ne kteb you are masculine writing ka te kteb you are feminine writing ka t ketb i he s it is writing ka ye kteb she is it is writing ka te kteb we are writing ka n ketb u you plural are writing ka t ketb u they are writing ka y ketb u the stem kteb turns into ketb before a vowel suffix because of the process of inversion described above between the prefix ka n ka t ka y and the stem kteb an e appears but not between the prefix and the transformed stem ketb because of the same restriction that produces inversion in the north you are writing is always ka de kteb regardless of who is addressed this is also the case of de in de kteb as northerners prefer to use de and southerners prefer te however there is an exception which is the northern dialectof tangier where they use te instead of de instead of the prefix ka some speakers prefer the use of ta ta ne kteb i am writing the coexistence of these two prefixes is from historic differences in general ka is more used in the north and ta in the south some other prefixes like la a qa are less used in some regions like in the east oujda most speakers use no preverb ne kteb te kteb y kteb etc other tenses edit to form the future tense the prefix ka ta is removed and replaced with the prefix ġa ġad or ġadi instead e g ġa ne kteb i will write ġad ketb u north or ġadi t ketb u you plural will write it is worth noting that in northern morocco such as tangier and tetouan they use ha instead of gha ġa most of the time and also ʕa عا to a lesser extent also aa can be used as an abbreviation for gha ġa in the general moroccan dialect in rapid speech especially for the subjunctive and infinitive the ka is removed bġit ne kteb i want to write bġit te kteb i want you to write the imperative is conjugated with the suffixes of the present tense but without any prefixes or preverbs kteb write masculine singular ketb i write feminine singular ketb u write plural negation edit main article negation in arabic one characteristic of moroccan arabic syntax which it shares with other north african varieties as well as some southern levantine dialect areas is in the two part negative verbal circumfix ma ʃi in many regions including marrakesh the final i vowel is not pronounced so it becomes ma ʃ 35 past kteb he wrote ma kteb ʃi he did not write present ka j kteb he writes ma ka j kteb ʃi he does not write ma comes from the classical arabic negator ma ʃi is a development of classical ʃajʔ thing the development of a circumfix is similar to the french circumfix ne pas in which ne comes from latin non not and pas comes from latin passus step originally pas would have been used specifically with motion verbs as in i did not walk a step it was generalised to other verbs the negative circumfix surrounds the entire verbal composite including direct and indirect object pronouns ma kteb hom li ʃi he did not write them to me ma ka j kteb hom li ʃi he does not write them to me ma ɣadi j kteb hom li ʃi he will not write them to me waʃ ma kteb hom li ʃi did he not write them to me waʃ ma ka j kteb hom li ʃi does he not write them to me waʃ ma ɣadi j kteb hom li ʃi will he not write them to me future and interrogative sentences use the same ma ʃi circumfix unlike for example in egyptian arabic also unlike in egyptian arabic there are no phonological changes to the verbal cluster as a result of adding the circumfix in egyptian arabic adding the circumfix can trigger stress shifting vowel lengthening and shortening elision when ma comes into contact with a vowel addition or deletion of a short vowel etc however they do not occur in moroccan arabic ma there is no phonological stress in ma there is no distinction between long and short vowels in ma there are no restrictions on complex consonant clusters in ma and hence no need to insert vowels to break up such clusters there are no verbal clusters that begin with a vowel the short vowels in the beginning of forms iia v and such have already been deleted ma has first person singular non past ne in place of egyptian a negative pronouns such as walu nothing ḥta ḥaja nothing and ḥta waḥed nobody can be added to the sentence without ši as a suffix ma ġa ne kteb walu i will not write anything ma te kteb ḥta ḥaja do not write anything ḥta waḥed ma ġa ye kteb nobody will write wellah ma ne kteb or wellah ma ġa ne kteb i swear to god i will not write note that wellah ma ne kteb could be a response to a command to write kteb while wellah ma ġa ne kteb could be an answer to a question like waš ġa te kteb are you going to write in the north you are writing is always ka de kteb regardless of who is addressed it is also the case of de in de kteb as northerners prefer to use de tangier is an exception and southerners prefer te instead of the prefix ka some speakers prefer the use of ta ta ne kteb i am writing the co existence of these two prefixes is from historical differences in general ka is more used in the north and ta in the south in some regions like the east oujda most speakers use no preverb ka ma ġadi ši te kteb in detail edit verbs in moroccan arabic are based on a consonantal root composed of three or four consonants the set of consonants communicates the basic meaning of a verb changes to the vowels between the consonants along with prefixes and or suffixes specify grammatical functions such as tense person and number in addition to changes in the meaning of the verb that embody grammatical concepts such as causative intensive passive or reflexive each particular lexical verb is specified by two stems one used for the past tense and one used for non past tenses along with subjunctive and imperative moods to the former stem suffixes are added to mark the verb for person number and gender to the latter stem a combination of prefixes and suffixes are added very approximately the prefixes specify the person and the suffixes indicate number and gender the third person masculine singular past tense form serves as the dictionary form used to identify a verb like the infinitive in english arabic has no infinitive for example the verb meaning write is often specified as kteb which actually means he wrote in the paradigms below a verb will be specified as kteb ykteb kteb means he wrote and ykteb means he writes indicating the past stem kteb and the non past stem also kteb obtained by removing the prefix y the verb classes in moroccan arabic are formed along two axes the first or derivational axis described as form i form ii etc is used to specify grammatical concepts such as causative intensive passive or reflexive and mostly involves varying the consonants of a stem form for example from the root k t b write are derived form i kteb ykteb write form ii ketteb yketteb cause to write form iii kateb ykateb correspond with someone etc the second or weakness axis described as strong weak hollow doubled or assimilated is determined by the specific consonants making up the root especially whether a particular consonant is a w or y and mostly involves varying the nature and location of the vowels of a stem form for example so called weak verbs have one of those two letters as the last root consonant which is reflected in the stem as a final vowel instead of a final consonant ṛma yṛmi throw from ṛ m y meanwhile hollow verbs are usually caused by one of those two letters as the middle root consonant and the stems of such verbs have a full vowel a i or u before the final consonant often along with only two consonants žab yžib bring from ž y b it is important to distinguish between strong weak etc stems and strong weak etc roots for example x w f is a hollow root but the corresponding form ii stem xuwwef yxuwwef frighten is a strong stem weak roots are those that have a w or a y as the last consonant weak stems are those that have a vowel as the last segment of the stem for the most part there is a one to one correspondence between weak roots and weak stems however form ix verbs with a weak root will show up the same way as other root types with doubled stems in most other dialects but with hollow stems in moroccan arabic hollow roots are triliteral roots that have a w or a y as the last consonant hollow stems are those that end with vc in which v is a long vowel most other dialects or full vowel in moroccan arabic a i or u only triliteral hollow roots form hollow stems and only in forms i iv vii viii and x in other cases a strong stem generally results in moroccan arabic all form ix verbs yield hollow stems regardless of root shape sman be fat from s m n doubled roots are roots that have the final two consonants identical doubled stems end with a geminate consonant only forms i iv vii viii and x yield a doubled stem from a doubled root other forms yield a strong stem in addition in most dialects but not moroccan all stems in form ix are doubled egyptian arabic iḥmáṛṛ yiḥmáṛṛ be red blush from ḥ m r assimilated roots are those where the first consonant is a w or a y assimilated stems begin with a vowel only form i and form iv yields assimilated stems and only in the non past there are none in moroccan arabic strong roots and stems are those that fall under none of the other categories described above it is common for a strong stem to correspond with a non strong root but the reverse is rare table of verb forms edit in this section all verb classes and their corresponding stems are listed excluding the small number of irregular verbs described above verb roots are indicated schematically using capital letters to stand for consonants in the root f first consonant of root m middle consonant of three consonant root s second consonant of four consonant root t third consonant of four consonant root l last consonant of root hence the root f m l stands for all three consonant roots and f s t l stands for all four consonant roots traditional arabic grammar uses f ʕ l and f ʕ l l respectively but the system used here appears in a number of grammars of spoken arabic dialects and is probably less confusing for english speakers since the forms are easier to pronounce than those involving ʕ the following table lists the prefixes and suffixes to be added to mark tense person number gender and the stem form to which they are added the forms involving a vowel initial suffix and corresponding stem pa v or np v are highlighted in silver the forms involving a consonant initial suffix and corresponding stem pa c are highlighted in gold the forms involving no suffix and corresponding stem pa 0 or np 0 are not highlighted tense mood past non past person singular plural singular plural 1st pa c t pa c na n e np 0 n e np 0 u w 2nd masculine pa c ti pa c tiw t e np 0 t e np v u w feminine t e np v i y 3rd masculine pa 0 pa v u w y np 0 y np v u w feminine pa v et t e np 0 the following table lists the verb classes along with the form of the past and non past stems active and passive participles and verbal noun in addition to an example verb for each class notes italicized forms are those that follow automatically from the regular rules of deletion of e in the past tense there can be up to three stems when only one form appears this same form is used for all three stems when three forms appear these represent first singular third singular and third plural which indicate the pa c pa 0 and pa v stems respectively when two forms appear separated by a comma these represent first singular and third singular which indicate the pa c and pa 0 stems when two forms appear separated by a semicolon these represent third singular and third plural which indicate the pa 0 and pa v stems in both cases the missing stem is the same as the third singular pa 0 stem not all forms have a separate verb class for hollow or doubled roots in such cases the table below has the notation use strong form and roots of that shape appear as strong verbs in the corresponding form e g form ii strong verb dˤáyyaʕ yidˤáyyaʕ waste lose related to form i hollow verb dˤaʕ yidˤiʕ be lost both from root dˤ y ʕ form strong weak hollow doubled past non past example past non past example past non past example past non past example i fmel femlu yfmel yfemlu kteb ykteb write ʃrˤeb yʃrˤeb drink fmit fma yfmi rˤma yrˤmi throw ʃra yʃri buy felt fal yfil baʕ ybiʕ sell ʒab yʒib bring femmit femm yfemm ʃedd yʃedd close medd ymedd hand over yfmol yfemlu dxel ydxol enter sken yskon reside yfma nsa ynsa forget yful ʃaf yʃuf see daz yduz pass fommit fomm yfomm koħħ ykoħħ cough yfmu ħba yħbu crawl yfal xaf yxaf sleep ban yban seem folt fal yfu l qal yqu l say kan yku n be the only examples ii femmel femmlu yfemmel yfemmlu beddel ybeddel change femmit femma yfemmi werra ywerri show same as strong fuwwel fuwwlu yfuwwel yfuwwlu xuwwef yxuwwef frighten fuwwit fuwwa yfuwwi luwwa yluwwi twist fiyyel fiyylu yfiyyel yfiyylu biyyen ybiyyen indicate fiyyit fiyya yfiyyi qiyya yqiyyi make vomit iii famel famlu yfamel yfamlu sˤaferˤ ysˤaferˤ travel famit fama yfami qadˤa yqadˤi finish trans sawa ysawi make level same as strong famemt fammit fam e m fammu yfam e m yfammu sˤaf e f ysˤaf e f line up trans ia viit ttefmel ttfemlu yttefmel yttfemlu ttekteb yttekteb be written ttefmit ttefma yttefma tterˤma ytterˤma be thrown ttensa yttensa be forgotten ttfalit ttfelt ttfalt ttfal yttfal ttbaʕ yttbaʕ be sold ttfemmit ttfemm yttfemm ttʃedd yttʃedd be closed yttefmol yttfemlu ddxel yddxol be entered yttfomm ttfekk yttfokk get loose iia v tfemmel tfemmlu ytfemmel ytfemmlu tbeddel ytbeddel change intrans tfemmit tfemma ytfemma twerra ytwerra be shown same as strong tfuwwel tfuwwlu ytfuwwel ytfuwwlu txuwwef ytxuwwef be frightened tfuwwit tfuwwa ytfu wwa tluwwa ytlu wwa twist intrans tfiyyel tfiyylu ytfiyyel ytfiyylu tbiyyen ytbiyyen be indicated tfiyyit tfiyya ytfiyya tqiyya ytqiyya be made to vomit iiia vi tfamel tfamlu ytfamel ytfamlu tʕawen ytʕawen cooperate tfamit tfama ytfama tqadˤa ytqadˤa finish intrans tħama ytħama join forces same as strong tfamemt tfammit tfam e m tfammu ytfam e m ytfammu tsˤaf e f ytsˤaf e f get in line twad e d ytwad e d give gifts to one another viii ftamel ftamlu yftamel yftamlu ħtarˤem ħtarˤem respect xtarˤeʕ xtarˤeʕ invent ftamit ftama yftami ftalit ftelt ftalt ftal yftal xtarˤ yxtarˤ choose ħtaʒ yħtaʒ need ftemmit ftemm yftemm htemm yhtemm be interested in ix fmalit fmelt fmalt fmal yfmal ħmarˤ yħmarˤ be red blush sman ysman be come fat same as strong x stefmel stefmlu ystefmel ystefmlu steɣrˤeb ysteɣrˤeb be surprised stefmit stefma ystefmi stedʕa ystedʕi invite same as strong stfemmit stfemm ystfemm stɣell ystɣell exploit ystefma stehza ystehza ridicule stăʕfa ystăʕfa resign iq festel festlu yfestel yfestlu tˤerˤʒem ytˤerˤʒem translate melmel ymelmel move trans hernen yhernen speak nasally festit festa yfesti seqsˤa yseqsˤi ask same as strong fitel fitlu yfitel yfitlu sˤifetˤ ysˤifetˤ send ritel yritel pillage fitit fita yfiti tira ytiri shoo...