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motion detector wikipedia jump to content main menu main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 overview 2 sensor technology toggle sensor technology subsection 2 1 passive infrared pir 2 2 mechanical 2 3 microwave 2 4 ultrasonic 2 5 tomographic motion detector 2 6 video camera software 2 7 gesture detector 3 dual technology motion detectors 4 see also 5 references 6 external links toggle the table of contents motion detector 24 languages العربية deutsch español eesti euskara فارسی suomi हिन्दी bahasa indonesia 日本語 한국어 latviešu nederlands norsk bokmål polski română русский srpskohrvatski српскохрватски simple english svenska українська tiếng việt 粵語 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia redirected from motion detection electrical device which utilizes a sensor to detect nearby motion a motion detector attached to an outdoor automatic light a motion detector is an electrical device that utilizes a sensor to detect nearby motions motion detection such a device is often integrated as a component of a system that automatically performs a task or alerts a user of motion in an area they form a vital component of security automated lighting control home control energy efficiency and other useful systems it can be achieved by either mechanical or electronic methods 1 when it is done by natural organisms it is called motion perception overview edit an active electronic motion detector contains an optical microwave or acoustic sensor as well as a transmitter however a passive one contains only a sensor and only detects a signature from moving objects via emission or reflection changes in the optical microwave or acoustic field in the device s proximity are interpreted by the electronics based on one of several technologies most low cost motion detectors can detect motion at distances of about 4 6 metres 15 ft specialized systems are more expensive but have either increased sensitivity or much longer ranges tomographic motion detection systems can cover much larger areas because the radio waves they sense are at frequencies which penetrate most walls and obstructions and are detected in multiple locations motion detectors have found wide use in commercial applications one common application is activating automatic door openers in businesses and public buildings motion sensors are also widely used in lieu of true occupancy sensors in activating street lights or indoor lights in walkways such as in lobbies and staircases in such smart lighting systems energy is conserved by only powering lights for the duration of a timer after which occupants have presumably left the area motion detectors may be among the sensors of a burglar alarm used to detect possible intruders such detectors may also trigger security cameras to record possible intrusions motion controllers are also used for video game consoles as game controllers a camera can allow externally visible body movements to be used for control such as in the wii and kinect systems sensor technology edit see also motion detection methods a passive infrared detector mounted on circuit board right along with photoresistive detector for visible light left this is the type most commonly encountered in household motion sensing devices and is designed to turn on a light only when motion is detected and when the surrounding environment is sufficiently dark motion can be detected by monitoring changes in infrared light passive and active sensors visible light video and camera systems radio frequency energy radar 2 microwave and tomographic motion detection sound microphones other acoustic sensors kinetic energy triboelectric seismic and inertia switch sensors magnetism magnetic sensors magnetometers wi fi signals wifi sensing several types of motion detection are in wide use passive infrared pir edit passive infrared pir sensors are sensitive to a person s skin temperature through emitted black body radiation at mid infrared wavelengths in contrast to background objects at room temperature no energy is emitted from the sensor thus the name passive infrared 3 this distinguishes it from the electric eye for instance not usually considered a motion detector in which the crossing of a person or vehicle interrupts a visible or infrared beam these devices can detect objects people or animals by picking up one s infrared radiation 4 mechanical edit the most basic forms of mechanical motion detection utilize a switch or trigger for example the keys of a typewriter use a mechanical method of detecting motion where each key is a switch that is either off or on and each letter that appears is a result of the key s motion microwave edit these detect motion through the principle of doppler radar and are similar to a radar speed gun a continuous wave of microwave radiation is emitted and phase shifts in the reflected microwaves due to motion of an object toward or away from the receiver result in a heterodyne signal at a low audio frequency ultrasonic edit an ultrasonic transducer emits an ultrasonic wave sound at a frequency higher than a human ear can hear and receives reflections from nearby objects 5 exactly as in doppler radar heterodyne detection of the received field indicates motion the detected doppler shift is also at low audio frequencies for walking speeds since the ultrasonic wavelength of around a centimeter is similar to the wavelengths used in microwave motion detectors one potential drawback of ultrasonic sensors is that the sensor can be sensitive to motion in areas where coverage is undesired for instance due to reflections of sound waves around corners 6 such extended coverage may be desirable for lighting control where the goal is the detection of any occupancy in an area but for opening an automatic door for example a sensor selective to traffic in the path toward the door is superior tomographic motion detector edit these systems sense disturbances to radio waves as they pass from node to node of a mesh network they have the ability to detect over large areas completely because they can sense through walls and other obstructions rf tomographic motion detection systems may use dedicated hardware other wireless capable devices or a combination of the two other wireless capable devices can act as nodes on the mesh after receiving a software update 7 video camera software edit with the proliferation of low cost digital cameras able to shoot video it is possible to use the output of such a camera to detect motion in its field of view using software 8 9 this solution is particularly attractive when the intent is to record video triggered by motion detection as no hardware beyond the camera and computer is needed since the observed field may be normally illuminated this may be considered another passive technology however it can also be used together with near infrared illumination to detect motion in the dark that is with the illumination at a wavelength undetectable by a human eye more complex algorithms are necessary to detect motion when the camera itself is panning or when a specific object s motion must be detected in a field containing other irrelevant movement for example a painting surrounded by visitors in an art gallery with a panning camera models based on optical flow are used to distinguish between apparent background motion caused by the camera s movement and that of independently moving objects 10 gesture detector edit photodetectors and infrared lighting elements can support digital screens to detect hand motions and gestures with the aid of machine learning algorithms 11 dual technology motion detectors edit many modern motion detectors use combinations of different technologies while combining multiple sensing technologies into one detector can help reduce false triggering it does so at the expense of reduced detection probabilities and increased vulnerability citation needed for example many dual tech sensors combine both a pir sensor and a microwave sensor into one unit for motion to be detected both sensors must trip together citation needed this lowers the probability of a false alarm since heat and light changes may trip the passive infrared pir but not the microwave or moving tree branches may trigger the microwave but not the pir if an intruder is able to fool either the pir or microwave however the sensor will not detect it citation needed often pir technology is paired with another model to maximize accuracy and reduce energy use citation needed pir draws less energy than emissive microwave detection and so many sensors are calibrated so that when the pir sensor is tripped it activates a microwave sensor citation needed citation needed if the latter also picks up an intruder then the alarm is sounded see also edit twilight switch turning a lamp on when it gets dark and off when it gets light heat detector heat sensitive component responding to convective thermal energy for example for fire heat detection motion capture tracking of movements and conversion to digital format motion controller for video game consoles pickup music technology transducer that captures mechanical vibrations produced by musical instruments proximity sensor sensor detecting presence of nearby objects without any physical contact remote camera camera placed in an area where the photographer is not present smoke detector device that detects smoke typically as an indicator of fire references edit motion detection retrieved 26 january 2015 amin moeness 2017 09 14 radar for indoor monitoring detection classification and assessment crc press isbn 978 1 4987 8200 5 ultrasonicand passive infrared sensorintegrationfor dual technologyuser detection sensors why motion detectors react to animals and how to avoid it ajax systems blog ajax systems retrieved 2020 02 03 what is an ultrasonic motion detector with picture wisegeek com 2016 01 19 retrieved 2016 01 27 technology comparison of motion sensors ecosirius com retrieved 19 july 2014 xandem people sensing with wireless networks retrieved 2020 12 14 video motion detection vmd archived 2011 10 23 at the wayback machine mechanisms of visual motion bewley a guizilini v ramos f upcroft b 2014 online self supervised multi instance segmentation of dynamic objects in international conference on robotics and automation pp 1296 1303 hong kong china ieee doi 10 1109 icra 2014 6907020 cho youngjun 2014 us patent electronic device having proximity touch function and control method thereof external links edit relational motion detection www cs rochester edu nelson research motion detection algorithms in image processing motion detection and recognition research presence and absence detection explained motion detection sample algorithm realization video wikimedia commons has media related to motion detectors authority control databases gnd retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title motion_detector oldid 1365661339 categories security technology home automation sensors motion physics hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata webarchive template wayback links all articles with unsourced statements articles with unsourced statements from january 2017 commons category link is on wikidata this page was last edited on 23 july 2026 at 18 39 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation inc a non profit organization privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers contact wikipedia legal safety contacts code of conduct developers statistics cookie statement mobile view search search toggle the table of contents motion detector 24 languages add topic