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in article bicycle suspension in the past mountain bikes had a rigid frame and fork in the early 1990s the first mountain bikes with suspension forks were introduced this made riding on rough terrain easier and less physically stressful the first front suspension forks had about 1 1 2 to 2 inches 38 to 50 mm of suspension travel once suspension was introduced bikes with front suspension and rigid non suspended rear wheels or hardtails became popular nearly overnight while the hardtail design has the benefits of lower cost less maintenance and better pedaling efficiency it is slowly losing popularity due to improvements in full suspension designs front fork suspensions are now available with 8 inches 200 mm of travel or more see above under designs many new mountain bikes integrate a full suspension design known as dual suspension meaning that both the front and rear wheel are fitted with a shock absorber in some form as the wheel attaches to the bike this provides a smoother ride as the front and rear wheels can now travel up and down to absorb the force of obstacles striking the tires dual suspension bikes of a similar quality are considerably more expensive heavier and less efficient when pedaling but are much faster on downhill and technical rough sections than other mountain bikes this is because when a wheel strikes an obstacle its tendency is to bounce up this redirects some forward momentum resulting in a loss of speed dual suspension bikes solve this problem by absorbing this upward force and transmitting it into the shocks of the front and rear wheels drastically decreasing the translation of forward momentum into upward movement disc brakes edit a front disc brake mounted to the fork and hub for further information see bicycle brake disc brakes for general information see disc brake most modern mountain bikes use disc brakes they offer considerably improved stopping power less lever pressure is required providing greater braking modulation over rim brakes under all conditions citation needed especially adverse conditions because they are located at the center of the wheel on the wheel hub they therefore remain drier and cleaner than wheel rims which are more readily soiled or damaged the disadvantage of disc brakes is their increased cost and often greater weight disc brakes do not allow heat to build up in the tires on long descents instead heat builds up in the rotor which can become extremely hot there are two main types of mountain bike disc brakes mechanical disc brakes and hydraulic disc brakes mechanical disc brakes use a brake cable housed in a brake housing which connects the brake lever to the brake caliper when the lever is pulled it tightens the cable which in turn actuates the caliper and presses the brake pads against the rotor hydraulic disc brakes on the other hand use a sealed hydraulic system instead of a cable when the brake lever is pulled it pressurizes the incompressible brake fluid typically mineral oil or dot fluid which forces the brake pistons to move the pads against the rotor hydraulic systems generally provide stronger and more consistent braking performance compared to mechanical brakes wheel and tire design edit typical features of a mountain bike are very wide tires the original 26 inch 660 mm wheel diameter with approximately 2 125 inch 54 0 mm width iso 559 mm rim diameter is increasingly being displaced by 29 inch 740 mm wheels with 2 35 inch 60 mm width iso 622 mm rim diameter as well as the 27 5 inch 700 mm wheel diameter with 2 25 inch 57 mm widths iso 584 mm rim diameter particularly on smaller frame sizes for shorter riders mountain bikes with 24 inch 610 mm wheels are also available sometimes for dirt jumping or as a junior bike 27 bicycle wheel sizes are not precise measurements a 29 inch 740 mm mountain bike wheel with a 24 5 inch 622 mm bead seat diameter the term bead seat diameter bsd is used in the etrto tire and rim sizing system and the average 29 inch 740 mm mountain bike tire is in iso notation 59 622 corresponds to an outside diameter of about 29 15 inches 740 mm 27 24 5 inch 622 mm wheels are standard on road bikes and are commonly known as 700c in some countries mainly in continental europe 700c 622 mm wheels are commonly called 28 inch wheels 27 24 inch 610 mm wheels are used for dirt jumping bikes and sometimes on freeride bikes rear wheel only as this makes the bike more maneuverable 29 inch 740 mm wheels were once used for only cross country purposes but are now becoming more commonplace in other disciplines of mountain biking a mountain bike with 29 inch wheels is often referred to as a 29er and a bike with 27 5 inch wheels is called a 27 5 mountain bike or as a marketing term 650b bike 27 wheels come in a variety of widths ranging from standard rims suitable for use with tires in the 1 90 to 2 10 in 48 to 53 mm size to 2 35 and 3 00 in 60 and 76 mm widths popular with freeride and downhill bicycles although heavier wheelsets are favored in the freeride and downhill disciplines advances in wheel technology continually shave weight off strong wheels this is highly advantageous as rolling weight greatly affects handling and control which are very important to the technical nature of freeride and downhill riding a mongoose dolomite fat tire bicycle the widest wheel tire widths typically 3 8 inches 97 mm or larger are sometimes used by icebikers who use their mountain bikes for winter time riding in snowy conditions manufacturers produce bicycle tires with a wide variety of tread patterns to suit different needs among these styles are slick street tires street tires with a center ridge and outer tread fully knobby front specific rear specific and snow studded some tires can be specifically designed for use in certain weather wet or dry and terrain hard soft muddy etc conditions other tire designs attempt to be all around applicable within the same intended application more expensive tires tend to be lighter and have less rolling resistance sticky rubber tires are now available for use on freeride and downhill bikes while these tires wear down more quickly they provide greater traction in all conditions especially during cornering tires and rims are available in either tubed or tubeless designs with tubeless tires recently 2004 gaining favor for their pinch flat resistance tires also come with tubes tubeless and tubeless ready tires with tubes are the standard design and the easiest to use and maintain tubeless tires are significantly lighter and often have better performance because you can run them at a lower tire pressure which results in better traction and increasing rolling resistance tubeless ready tires are tires that can use tubes or go tubeless a liquid sealant is used without the tube to secure the seal to the rim 28 popular tire manufacturers include wilderness trail bikes schwalbe maxxis nokian michelin continental tioga kenda hutchinson specialized and panaracer tandems edit a tandem full suspension mountain bike mountain bikes are available in tandem configurations for example cannondale and santana cycles offer ones without suspension while ellsworth nicolai and ventana manufacture tandems with full suspension electric mountain bike emtb edit a variety of electric mountain bikes on display in 2025 showing their typical design many manufacturers make both traditional and electric mountain bikes most electric bikes designed for mountain biking include a mid drive motor between the pedals a battery in the down tube as well as a small display and mode controller adaptive mountain bike amtb edit a type of mountain bike or mountain trike designed to function as an all terrain wheelchair mtb that has specialised equipment or is modified to make it accessible to individuals with varying mobility requirements 29 30 it can be two wheeled three wheeled or four wheeled it can also have electrical motor assistance 31 vintage mtb day edit vintage mtb day is an event or gathering where enthusiasts celebrate and ride classic older mountain bikes mtbs the occasion typically features bicycles from the 1970s 1980s and early 1990s showcasing the evolution of mountain bike technology and design the event was established to honor and recognize the pioneers of mountain biking 32 held every 13 august in cities and countries around the world vintage mtb day is open to participants of all backgrounds and encourages community involvement through group rides exhibitions and discussions of vintage bicycle culture celebration edit across different countries vintage mtb day is marked by events focused on classic mountain bikes common activities include fun ride retro gathering group rides where participants use vintage mtbs and wear retro cycling gear bike exhibitions collectors display frames components and accessories such as cantilever brakes thumb shifters and semi slick tires from the 1980s workshops talks sessions on restoring old bikes mountain biking history and maintaining classic components social media campaigns sharing photos or videos of vintage mtbs with the hashtag vintagemtbday 33 significance and impact edit beyond nostalgia the celebration promotes sustainability by encouraging the restoration and continued use of older bicycles vintage mtb day inspires a new generation of cyclists to learn about mountain biking history reduce waste through refurbishing and preserve cycling culture across generations 34 35 see also edit bicycle electric bicycle bicycle gearing bicycle suspension downhill mountain biking enduro mountain biking cross country cycling freeride mountain biking movies glossary of cycling international mountain bicycling association list of bicycle manufacturers list of bicycle parts mountain bike racing mountain bike orienteering mountain biking mountain quadracycle mountain unicycling national off road bicycle association norba singletrack transrockies cross triathlon mountain bike hall of fame uci mountain bike trials world championships references edit sheldon brown sheldon brown s none improvementglossary retrieved 6 april 2020 mountain bike mtb is the currently preferred term for bicycles made for off road use what makes the mountain bike much slower than a road bike mountain bike reviews forum 6 november 2009 retrieved 30 november 2021 ashley casey best quality mountain bike archived from the original on 21 august 2023 retrieved 19 may 2017 atb all terrain bicycle olsen j 1999 mountain biking mechanicsburg pa stackpole books tom ambrose 2013 the history of cycling in fifty bikes rodale press p 157 they were well placed to exploit the coming market but the company thought all terrain bikes would be a short lived phenomenon max roman dilthey 5 february 2014 the best all terrain bikes livestrong com retrieved 21 may 2017 all terrain bikes come suited to a variety of disciplines and conditions steve worland 18 september 2012 what is a 29er bikeradar retrieved 27 august 2015 unfortunately the moulton atb had a fairly fundamental flaw eugene a sloane 1991 sloane s complete book of all terrain bicycles simon and schuster wilson david gordon papadopoulos jim 2004 bicycling science third ed the mit press pp 2 27 443 isbn 0 262 73154 1 we shall also mention the enormous popularity of the modern all terrain or mountain bicycle the atb sheldon brown sheldon brown s bicycle glossary an az atb retrieved 19 may 2017 atb all terrain bicycle a passé term for mountain bikes jobst brandt 2005 1998 a brief history of the mountain bike retrieved 26 december 2013 history marin museum of bicycling and mountain bike hall of fame mmbhof org 7 january 2014 retrieved 19 october 2018 the crested butte klunkers crested butte colorado cbklunkers com retrieved 19 october 2018 source weekly october 11 2018 issuu retrieved 19 october 2018 berto frank j 2009 the birth of dirt origins of mountain biking van der plas cycle publishing isbn 978 1 892495 61 7 league of american wheelmen change agents for cycling archived 7 september 2012 at the wayback machine american bicyclist fall 2005 pp 10 19 p 15 joe breeze by tim blumenthal retrieved 1 march 2013 10 men who changed the sport mountain bike action december 1991 pp 99 104 koeppel dan joe breeze wants to change the world again bicycling vol 44 issue 8 september 2003 pp 32 40 first production mountain bike available marin museum of bicycling and mountain bike hall of fame mmbhof org 18 june 2014 retrieved 11 may 2020 rogers seb 23 october 2010 interview specialized founder mike sinyard bikeradar retrieved 2 december 2010 joseph giovannini 30 july 1983 a sturdy mountain bike wins hearts in the city the new york times reinventing the wheel the economist vol 324 no 7770 1 august 1992 pp 61 62 ruibal sal 22 march 2006 still shredding after all these years usa today retrieved 2 december 2010 michel gagnon 15 august 2010 installing 4 chain rings to climb almost anything without difficulty retrieved 15 march 2018 bikerumor chain challenge the definitive 9 vs 10 speed mtb chain wear test bikerumor 16 march 2011 retrieved 27 august 2015 bikeradar uk 2 july 2012 sram xx1 set for release in october 2012 bikeradar retrieved 27 august 2015 1 2 3 4 sheldon brown tire sizing systems retrieved 21 september 2008 campbell dan charlie layton may 2009 know your rubber mountain bike 51 adaptive riding vmba vmba org retrieved 17 july 2026 what is adaptive cycling adaptiv mobility adaptivmobility co uk retrieved 17 july 2026 adaptive mountain bike technical guidelines pdf archived from the original pdf on 6 august 2024 berto frank j 1999 the birth of dirt origins of mountain biking 1 ed san francisco van der plas publications cycle publishing berto frank j 1999 the birth of dirt origins of mountain biking 1 ed san francisco van der plas publications cycle publishing 10 men who changed the sport mountain bike action december 1991 pp 99 104 koeppel dan joe breeze wants to change the world again bicycling vol 44 issue 8 september 2003 pp 32 40 external links edit media related to mountain bikes at wikimedia commons v t e human powered transport land pedal power 29er bicycle outline bicycle trailer bmx bike boneshaker cargo bike city bicycle cold weather biking ice cycle cruiser bicycle cycle rickshaw cyclo cross bicycle downhill bike enduro fatbike flat bar road bike folding bicycle go kart glossary of cycling hybrid bicycle motorized bicycle mountain bike mountain biking 27 5 downhill singletrack party bike penny farthing porteur bicycle prone bicycle quadracycle recumbent bicycle road bicycle roadster safety bicycle sociable small wheel bicycle tandem bicycle touring bicycle track bicycle trailer bike tricycle unicycle utility bicycle velocar velocipede velomobile wheelie bike electric motor assist electric bicycle pedelec motorized bicycle e scooter treadle power treadle bicycle other foot power balance bike dandy horse kick scooter kickbike kicksled brakeboard freeboard freeskates longboard skateboard hand power handcar handcycle hobcar...