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Text of the page (random words):
rugged designs for military and industrial use through devices with exceptionally low noise and microphony to designs primarily optimised for long life without cathode poisoning when used for switching in a digital computer but not necessarily with exceptional qualities as an amplifier for example an ecc81 manufactured as a special quality sq tube would usually be designated e81cc the system was not universal as other special quality designation systems existed an ef91 in its special quality version was designated m8083 the m meant military as in this case the standard ef91 was derived from the m8083 military design also the sq tube was not always designed for the same tasks or given the same maximum ratings for example the e80f was more suitable for audio and electrometer applications lacking the rf screening of the ef80 with anode and screen grid power ratings roughly half the ef80 1 2 two or more elements in a single envelope were handled by adding letters after the heater identifier in alphabetical order so an ech35 is a 6 3 volt heated triode plus a hexode with an octal base a pabc80 is a noval 300ma series heater combination of a single low power diode a a pair of diodes with common cathode b and a triode c there were many eccnn n 6 3v dual triodes it was the usual practice for power transformers to have a 5 volt insulated winding for rectifier filaments and a 6 3 volt winding for all the other heaters virtually all valves with 5v filament are rectifiers with cathode connected to heater in practice full wave usable as half wave by strapping both anodes together e g gz34 for lower voltage lower power requirements rectifiers with 6 3v heaters and insulated cathodes such as the ez80 were used connected to the common filament supply there is no special nomenclature for eht rectifiers for cathode ray tubes the ey51 and ey86 were rated at 17kv with an average current of 350 microamps 3 the gy501 is another example 31kv at 1 7ma and used the rare b9d base 4 in practice most xy half wave rectifiers are eht types but there are plenty of exceptions 5 symbol definitions edit 1st letter heater rating 6 a 4v ac see note 1 b 180ma dc see note 1 2 c 200ma ac dc see note 1 d 1 4v or less normally 1 4v or 2 8v 1 4v series parallel filament e 6 3v or 12 6v 6 3v series parallel heater usually ac f 12 6v see note 2 g formerly 5v often used for rectifiers or later miscellaneous h 150ma ac dc i 20v see note 2 k 2v dc l 450ma ac dc m 1 9v directly heated see note 2 n 12 6v indirectly heated see note 2 o cold cathode by 1955 this also included semiconductors as these had no heater p 300ma ac dc q 2 4v indirectly heated see note 2 s 1 9v indirectly heated see note 2 t 7 4v see note 2 3 u 100ma ac dc v 50ma ac dc x 600ma ac dc y 450ma ac dc replaced by l to allow y to be used for professional transmitting microwave or industrial tubes z cold cathode and or gas filled tubes notes heater ratings for series string ac dc tubes are given in milliamperes heater ratings for parallel string tubes are given in volts 1 letters a b and c were rarely used after the 1930s and discontinued long before the 1960s and so allocated to semiconductors in the pro electron naming scheme 2 letters b f i m n q s and t were so very rarely used that most tubes beginning with these letters such as the fc13 octode the function letter c of which doesn t match anyway should not be assumed to be part of this naming scheme 3 letter t was introduced solely for use with the ty86f eht rectifier this was an ey86 with a higher voltage heater specifically manufactured as a replacement for ferguson television sets 306t and 308t manufactured in 1956 these produced excessive voltage from their line output circuits which rapidly destroyed the originally fitted ey86 7 the main letters used in the second half of the twentieth century for receiving tubes were d e g l p and u 8 although x was also frequently found when 600ma heater chain versions were produced for the north american market remaining letters type s of device s 6 all except special quality z cold cathode tubes a low current diode aa low current double diode with separate cathodes b low current double diode with common cathode c small signal vacuum triode d power triode e small signal tetrode f small signal pentode h hexode or pentagrid converters of the hexode type also hexodes that have an additional suppressor grid making them a heptode of the octode type but that do not operate on the pentagrid principle these usually have an oscillator triode in the same envelope k octode which is always a pentagrid converter also a heptode of the octode type and which operates on the pentagrid principle l power tetrode beam tetrode or power pentode m tuning indicator n gas filled triode or thyratron p tube designed for secondary emission q nonode also called enneode 9 s tv sync oscillator t deflection controlled beam tube or miscellaneous w gas filled halfwave rectifier x gas filled fullwave rectifier y halfwave rectifier power diode z fullwave rectifier double power diode special quality z cold cathode tubes 10 a long life amplifier tube b binary counter or switching tube c common cathode counter dekatron that makes only carry borrow cathodes separately available for cascading e electrometer tube g amplifier tube m optical indicator s separate cathode counter selector dekatron that makes all cathodes available on individual pins for displaying divide by n counter timer prescalers etc t relay triode a low power triode thyratron one starter electrode may need illumination for proper operation if not radioactively primed u low power tetrode thyratron may mean one starter electrode and a primer keep alive electrode for ion availability to keep the ignition voltage constant for analog rc timers voltage triggers etc or two starter electrodes to make counters bidirectional or resettable w trigger pentode two starter electrodes and a primer electrode numbers base type and serial number 6 1 9 pinch type construction valves mostly p8 bases p base 8 pin side contact or european 5 pin b base and various other european pre octal designs 10 19 8 pin german metal octal g8a 20 29 loctal b8g some octal some 8 way side contact exceptions are dac21 dbc21 dch21 df21 df22 dl21 dl21 dll21 dm21 which have octal bases 30 39 international octal iec 67 i 5a also known as io or k8a 40 49 rimlok rimlock b8a all glass miniature valves 50 59 special construction types fitted with bases applicable to design features used 11 mostly locking bases 9 pin loctal b9g or 8 pin loctal b8g but also used for octal and others 3 pin glass disk seal german 10 pin with spigot min 4 pin b26a magnoval b9d 60 64 all glass valves fitted with 9 pin b9g bases 65 69 sub miniature all glass valves with or without bases 70 79 loctal lorenz an all glass wire fly leads in place of pins subminiatures 80 89 noval b9a 9 pin iec 67 i 12a 90 99 small button b7g miniature 7 pin iec 67 i 10a 100 109 b7g wehrmacht base german ptt base 110 119 8 pin german octal rimlok b8a 130 139 octal 150 159 german 10 pin with spigot 10 pin glass with one big pin octal 160 169 flat wire subminiatures 8 pin german octal 170 179 rft 8 pin rft 11 pin all glass with one offset pin 180 189 noval b9a 190 199 b7g 200 209 decal b10b 230 239 octal 270 279 rft 11 pin all glass with one offset pin 280 289 noval b9a 300 399 octal 400 499 rimlok b8a 500 529 magnoval b9d novar 600 699 flat wire ended 700 799 round wire ended 800 899 noval b9a 900 999 b7g 1000 round wire ended special nuvistor 2000 decal b10b 3000 octal 5000 magnoval b9d 8000 noval b9a notes for signal pentodes an odd numerical identifier most often identified a variable transconductance remote cutoff valve whereas an even number identified a high slope sharp cutoff valve for power pentodes and triode pentode combinations even numbers usually indicate linear audio power amplifier devices while odd numbers were more suited to video signals or situations where more distortion could be tolerated single digit numbers edit the first types assigned using this sequence in the mid to late 1930s were less systematic and sometimes would append the us g and or gt suffixes for octal base versions although the base type was not always knowable from just the type number kk2 cap e was a pinch type valve fitted with an american 7 pin base sometimes special versions were made with us ux 4 to 7 bases with no change in the type number e g af2 ak1 kk2 but in the case of octal io often a g would be appended to the type number examples are ech3g ech4g ek2g ek2g gt el3g el3ng kf3g kk2g and kl4g ebf2gm ebf2gt g and ebf35 had international octal bases but european base connection sequences versions without the pinch at the top and or with a metal screen might have n appended and letters a b or x would sometimes be used for variants e g al2x ech33b ech35a el3n and el3ng the al2x differs from the al2 in connecting the control grid to pin 6 instead of the top cap el33 el33a and el33b are octal power pentodes differing only in whether metallization shielding is connected to pin 1 or 8 the al3 al4 el3n and el3ng have identical characteristics to the el33 el33a and el33b but with different heater voltages and or bases the cl4 and cl33 are lower voltage and lower power devices that are only somewhat similar to the el33 and pl33 historical progression edit this section needs more citations please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed january 2013 learn how and when to remove this message the older philips system edit prior to 1934 phillips numbers were based on a sequence of one letter to indicate filament current range followed by one or two digits for the filament voltage then two digits that gave either the amplification factor for triodes or a code beginning with 41 to indicate tetrodes pentodes and so on 11 examples are a409 a 4volt 65ma filament triode with a mu of 9 b2043 a 20v 180ma indirectly heated power output pentode from 1931 c243n a 2v 200ma filament power output pentode from 1931 with the option of b5 and ux5 bases single digit numerical sequences edit an example of this format is cl4 this format was used from 1934 when many european specific bases existed these bases included 5 and 8 pin side contact and 4 to 7 pin alternatives to incompatible us base types 11 at this time there was pressure to produce devices compatible with wider markets and so several versions of the same device might be produced with different bases yet sometimes no change in type number double digit numerical sequences edit an example of this designation format is el33a after about 1938 the digits gave a more consistent definition of the base type during the 1950s most often two devices that shared the same number and all but the first letter of the name would be very similar except for heater voltage current during this time older filament voltage and current families were abandoned so a device name beginning with a b c or k and ending in two or more digits is very unlikely to be part of this naming scheme for example the kt61 is not a 2 volt filament beam tube within the philips naming system but a kinkless tetrode within the marconi emi naming scheme triple digit numerical sequences edit examples of this format are pl302 and ef183 from about the start of the 1960s an extra digit was needed for new devices either a digit 1 was inserted before the 8 or other base defining digit e g an ef184 is a noval pentode or a three digit sequence was used for example a pl500 is a power pentode in a magnoval base four digit numerical sequences edit main article pro electron numbering using four digits were never issued under the mullard philips scheme they were obtained from the successor scheme pro electron semiconductors edit mullard initially handled semiconductor naming by using the o heater code shifting cold cathode to a code of z the second letter broadly indicated the type of device roughly following the tube designation without indicating the semiconductor material a low power semiconductor diode e g oa7 c transistor semiconductor triode regardless of frequency and power rating e g oc26 y rectifier power diode e g oy110 from 1966 the new pro electron standard codified type numbers for solid state active devices using initial letters a b and c rarely used heaters for germanium silicon and other semiconductors other letters were allocated for integrated circuits heater letters a b c f k v and y ceased to be allocated for electron tube devices most existing european valve type number allocations were compatible with the new system but sometimes ambiguities could only be resolved by checking the digits in the name for example it might not immediately be obvious whether a hypothetical ad108 is a 4 volt power triode or a germanium power transistor an az41 still on sale in the 1970s 12 might be thought to be a germanium zener diode although with only 2 digits for the serial number it was not really a valid pro electron designation by the time of the introduction of the pro electron series most tube names started with either d e g p or u so confusion between the two systems was unlikely see also edit electronics portal list of vacuum tubes rma tube designation retma tube designation russian tube designations references edit reliable pentode for use in professional equipment life longer than 10 000 hours pdf archived from the original pdf on 2013 09 03 http frank pocnet net images phi e e80f_phi_img_8200_fp jpg photo of e80f showing absence of rf screen but presence of lead out screen the national valve museum ey51 mazda data book 1968 preferred types of electron tubes 1967 pdf archived from the original pdf on 2011 09 28 retrieved 17 may 2013 1 2 3 tubecollector org receiving valves mullard philips code e g ecc83 pl81 e88cc ty86f the valve museum babani b b handbook of radio tv industrial transmitting tube valve equivalents 1974 philips pocket book 1954 page 16 cold cathode tubes znnna archived from the original on 2018 04 29 retrieved 17 may 2013 1 2 3 miniwatt technical data 6th edition 1958 published by the miniwatt electronics division of philips electrical industries pty limited 20 herbert street artarmon n s w australia philips pocket book 1973 page 13 external links edit european valve designation systems archived 2010 06 14 at the wayback machine decoding type numbers v t e thermionic valves theoretical principles thermionic emission work function hot cathode space charge control grid suppressor grid anode glowing anode getter types diode audion triode acorn tube nuvistor tetrode beam tetrode pentode pentagrid hexode heptode octode nonode cathode ray tube additron backward wave oscillator beam deflection tube charactron compactron eidophor iconoscope inductive output tube kinescope klystron magic eye magnetron monoscope phototube photomultiplier selectron tube storage tube sutton tube talaria projector traveling wave tu...