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mural instrument wikipedia jump to content main menu main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 construction 2 usage 3 famous mural instruments 4 see also 5 references 6 external links toggle the table of contents mural instrument 9 languages العربية deutsch فارسی bahasa indonesia lëtzebuergesch português தமிழ் türkçe 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia type of angle measuring device tycho brahe s mural quadrant mural quadrant constructed as a frame mounted on a wall this instrument was made by john bird in 1773 and is in the museum of the history of science oxford a mural instrument is an angle measuring instrument mounted on or built into a wall for astronomical purposes these walls were oriented so they lie precisely on the meridian a mural instrument that measured angles from 0 to 90 degrees was called a mural quadrant they were utilized as astronomical devices in ancient egypt and ancient greece edmond halley due to the lack of an assistant and only one vertical wire in his transit confined himself to the use of a mural quadrant built by george graham after its erection in 1725 at the royal observatory greenwich bradley s first observation with that quadrant was made on 15 june 1742 1 the mural quadrant has been called the quintessential instrument of 18th century i e 1700s observatories 2 it rose to prominence in the field of positional astronomy at this time 2 construction edit a bird mural quadrant was for many years the main instrument of the mannheim observatory in germany shown here installed many older mural quadrants have been constructed by marking directly on the wall surfaces more recent instruments were made with a frame that was constructed with precision and mounted permanently on the wall the arc is marked with divisions almost always in degrees and fractions of a degree in the oldest instruments an indicator is placed at the centre of the arc an observer can move a device with a second indicator along the arc until the line of sight from the movable device s indicator through the indicator at the centre of the arc aligns with the astronomical object the angle is then read yielding the elevation or altitude of the object in smaller instruments an alidade could be used more modern mural instruments would use a telescope with a reticle eyepiece to observe the object many mural quadrants were constructed giving the observer the ability to measure a 90 range of elevation there were also mural sextants that read 60 mural quadrants of the 17th century were noted for their expense with flamsteed s 1689 quadrant costing 120 equivalent to 26 377 in 2025 and edmund halley s 1725 quadrant which cost over 200 equivalent to 35 630 in 2025 2 the large fixed quadrants were more expensive than a typical portable quadrant with a bird 2 foot quadrant costing 70 guineas or 73 50 equivalent to 13 094 in 2025 2 usage edit in order to measure the position of for example a star the observer needs a sidereal clock in addition to the mural instrument with the clock measuring time a star of interest is observed with the instrument until it crosses an indicator showing that it is transiting the meridian at this instant the time on the clock is recorded as well as the angular elevation of the star this yields the position in the coordinates of the instrument if the instrument s arc is not marked relative to the celestial equator then the elevation is corrected for the difference resulting in the star s declination if the sidereal clock is precisely synchronized with the stars the time yields the right ascension directly 3 famous mural instruments edit ulugh beg s mural sextant constructed in samarkand uzbekistan during the 15th century a mural sextant was constructed in ray iran by abu mahmud al khujandi in 994 4 ulugh beg constructed the fakhri sextant in samarkand that had a radius of 40 meters 5 seen in the image on the right the arc was finely constructed with a staircase on either side to provide access for the assistants who performed the measurements tycho brahe s mural quadrant in uraniborg at hven now ven in sweden the mural quadrant at the royal observatory greenwich in east london ptolemy s mural quadrant at alexandria this instrument is also referred to as a plinth 6 the obsolete constellation quadrans muralis represents a mural quadrant the mural quadrant at the mannheim observatory in germany 7 this is another of john bird s instruments see also edit list of astronomical instruments references edit robert grant history of physical astronomy from the earliest ages to the nineteenth century 1852 pp 483 484 1 2 3 4 turner a j 2002 2002jha 33 373t page 373 journal for the history of astronomy 33 113 373 bibcode 2002jha 33 373t doi 10 1177 002182860203300403 retrieved 2019 11 14 sidereal time o connor john j robertson edmund f abu mahmud hamid ibn al khidr al khujandi mactutor history of mathematics archive university of st andrews ulugh beg dictionary of scientific biography hoyle fred astronomy a history of man s investigation of the universe crescent books inc london 1962 p 37 mannheimer observatory quadrant external links edit media related to mural instrument at wikimedia commons v t e ancient greek astronomy astronomers aglaonice agrippa anaximander andronicus apollonius aratus aristarchus aristyllus attalus autolycus bion callippus cleomedes cleostratus conon eratosthenes euctemon eudoxus geminus heraclides hicetas hipparchus hippocrates of chios hypsicles menelaus meton oenopides philip of opus philolaus posidonius ptolemy pytheas seleucus sosigenes of alexandria sosigenes the peripatetic strabo thales theodosius theon of alexandria theon of smyrna timocharis treatises extant almagest ptolemy analemma ptolemy commentary on the phenomena hipparchus diosemeia aratus handy tables ptolemy hypotosis proclus introduction to the phenomena geminus on risings and settings autolycus on ascensions hypsicles on days and nights theodosius on habitations theodosius on the circular motions of the celestial bodies cleomedes on the heavens aristotle on the sizes and distances aristarchus on mathematics useful for the understanding of plato theon of smyrna on the moving sphere autolycus phaenomena euclid phenomena aratus planisphaerium ptolemy planetary hypothesis ptolemy risings of the fixed stars ptolemy spherics menelaus spherics theodosius the sand reckoner archimedes fragmentary catasterismi eratosthenes commentary on the almagest pappus commentary on the almagest theon of alexandria great commentary on the handy tables theon of alexandria history of astronomy eudemus little commentary on the handy tables theon of alexandria meteoroscope ptolemy on the measurement of the earth eratosthenes on nature anaximander on nature philolaus on sizes and distances hipparchus star catalogue hipparchus untitled work on heliocentrism aristarchus lost analemma diodorus astronomia hesiod description of the heavens democritus commentary on aratus theon of alexandria commentary on the analemma of diodorus pappus disappearances of the sun eudoxus eneptron eudoxus on fixed stars anaximander on speeds eudoxus on the displacement of the solstitial and equinoctial points hipparchus on the eight year lunisolar venus cycle eudoxus on the equinox thales on the great year democritus on the length of the year hipparchus on the solstice thales on the sphere achilles tatius nautical star guide thales phaenomena eudoxus planispheres democritus rotation of the earth anaximander treatise on the astrolabe theon of alexandria compilations little astronomy instruments antikythera mechanism armillary sphere astrolabe dioptra equatorial ring gnomon mural instrument triquetrum concepts callippic cycle celestial spheres circle of latitude counter earth deferent and epicycle equant geocentrism heliocentrism hipparchic cycle inferior and superior planets metonic cycle octaeteris solstice spherical earth sublunary sphere zodiac influences babylonian astronomy egyptian astronomy influenced medieval european science indian astronomy medieval islamic astronomy portals astronomy stars outer space solar system retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title mural_instrument oldid 1372871303 categories ancient greek astronomy ancient egyptian science ancient egyptian technology astronomical instruments astronomy in the medieval islamic world technology in the medieval islamic world angle measuring instruments egyptian inventions hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata pages with non numeric formatnum arguments commons category link from wikidata this page was last edited on 2 september 2026 at 18 22 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation inc a non profit organization privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers contact wikipedia legal safety contacts code of conduct developers statistics cookie statement mobile view search search toggle the table of contents mural instrument 9 languages add topic