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ve to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 history 2 in contemporary cultures 3 see also 4 footnotes 5 references and sources 6 external links toggle the table of contents māhū 14 languages afrikaans català zazaki español suomi français galego עברית hrvatski italiano 한국어 português русский svenska edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia people of dual male and female spirit in traditional hawaiian and tahitian cultures for the ancient egyptian noble see mahu noble for the dahomey goddess see mawu māhū in native hawaiian and tahitian cultures are people who embody both male and female spirit 1 2 they have traditional spiritual and social roles within the culture similar to tongan fakaleiti and samoan fa afafine 3 the terms third gender and in the middle have been used to help explain māhū in the english language according to present day māhū kumu hula kaua i iki 4 māhū were particularly respected as teachers usually of hula dance and chant in pre contact times māhū performed the roles of goddesses in hula dances that took place in temples which were off limits to women māhū were also valued as the keepers of cultural traditions such as the passing down of genealogies traditionally parents would ask māhū to name their children historically māhū was a respectful term for people 5 but with colonization the word was denigrated and used as an insult to refer to homosexuals more recently there has been an effort to recapture the original dignity and respect accorded the term māhū 6 history edit in the pre colonial history of hawai i māhū were notable healers although much of this history was elided through the intervention of christian missionaries 7 according to joan roughgarden the māhū lacked access to political power were unable to aspire to leadership roles and perceived as always available for sexual conquest by men 8 page needed the first published description of māhū occurs in captain william bligh s logbook of the bounty which stopped in tahiti in 1789 where he was introduced to a member of a class of people very common in otaheitie called mahoo who although i was certain was a man had great marks of effeminacy about him 9 a surviving monument to this history is the healer stones of kapaemāhū on waikiki beach which commemorate four important māhū who first brought the healing arts from tahiti to hawaiʻi 10 11 these are referred to by hawaiian historian mary kawena pukui as pae māhū or literally a row of māhū 12 the term māhū is misleadingly defined in pukui and ebert s hawaiian dictionary as n homosexual of either sex hermaphrodite 13 the assumption of same sex behavior reflects the conflation of gender and sexuality that was common at that time note 1 the idea that māhū are biological mosaics appears to be a misunderstanding of the term hermaphrodite now known as intersex which in early publications by sexologists and anthropologists was used generally to mean an individual which has the attributes of both male and female this led to homosexual bisexual and gender nonconforming individuals being mislabeled as hermaphrodites in the medical literature 14 the history of kapaemahu was revived through an animated film a picture book and a museum exhibition at the bishop museum 15 in 1891 when painter paul gauguin first came to tahiti he was thought to be a māhū by the indigenous people due to his flamboyant manner of dress during that time 16 his 1893 painting papa moe mysterious water depicts a māhū drinking from a small waterfall 16 17 missionaries to hawai i introduced biblical laws to the islands in the 1820s under their influence hawai i s first anti sodomy law was passed in 1850 these laws led to the social stigmatization of the māhū in hawai i beginning in the mid 1960s the honolulu city council required trans women to wear a badge identifying themselves as male 18 in american artist george biddle s tahitian journal 1920 1922 he writes about several māhū friends in tahiti of their role in native tahitian society and of the persecution of a māhū friend naipu who fled tahiti due to colonial french laws that sent māhū and homosexuals to hard labor in prison in new caledonia 19 rae rae is a social category of māhū that came into use in tahiti in the 1960s although it is criticized by some māhū as an abject reference to sex in contemporary cultures edit in the 1980s māhū and fa afafine of samoa began organizing as māhū in 2021 a group of kānaka maoli formed a subgroup of the hawaiʻi lgbt legacy foundation called the māhūi that developed a ceremony to open honolulu pride month at the kapaemahu monument in waikīkī now repeated every october in 2003 20 the term mahuwahine was coined within hawaii s queer community māhū in the middle wahine woman the structure of the word is similar to samoan fa a the way of fafine woman wife the term mahuwahine resembles a transgender identity that coincides with hawaiian cultural renaissance 21 the corresponding term is mahukane māhū kane man however in contemporary usage māhū is used for all genders notable contemporary māhū or mahuwahine include activist and kumu hula hinaleimoana kwai kong wong kalu 22 kumu hula kaumakaiwa kanaka ole and kumu hula kaua i iki and within the wider māhū lgbtq community historian noenoe silva activist ku u mealoha gomes singer and painter bobby holcomb and singer kealii reichel in many traditional communities māhū play an important role in carrying on polynesian culture and teaching the balance of female and male throughout creation 23 modern māhū carry on traditions of connection to the land language preservation and the preservation and revival of cultural activities including traditional dances songs and the methods of playing culturally specific musical instruments symbolic tattooing is also a popular practice modern māhū do not alter their bodies through what others would consider gender reassignment surgery but just as any person in hawaiian tahitian society dress differently for work home and nights out 24 strong familial relationships are important in māhū culture 25 as kinship bonds within all of hawaiian tahitian cultures are essential to family survival when possible the māhū maintain solid relationships with their families of origin often by becoming foster parents to nieces and nephews and have been noted for being especially compassionate and creative 23 this ability to bring up children is considered a special skill specific to māhū people 26 māhū also contribute to their extended families and communities through the gathering and maintaining of knowledge and the practicing and teaching of hula traditions which are traditionally handed down through women 23 in situations where they have been rejected by their families of origin due to homophobia and colonization māhū have formed their own communities supporting one another and preserving and teaching cultural traditions to the next generations in the documentary kumu hina hinaleimoana wong kalu visits one of these communities of elders up in the mountains and meets with some of the māhū who were her teachers and chosen family when she was young see also edit hinaleimoana wong kalu contemporary māhū teacher and hawaiian cultural worker kumu hina 2014 documentary film about hinaleimoana wong kalu kapaemahu cultural monument in hawaiʻi lgbt rights in hawaii rae rae fa afafine similar group in samoa and american samoa bakla similar third gender concept in the philippines bissu similar third gender concept among the bugis people of indonesia two spirit a pan indigenous umbrella term for all traditional native american identities that do not fit into the western gender binary or heterosexual roles footnotes edit the term transgender was not in use yet during the time the earliest sources were written and has undergone significant changes in definition over time while technically coined in the 1960s the term transgender was rarely published until the 1990s and did not see wide usage until the 2000s references and sources edit ravida meldrick 11 february 2018 the māhū ka leo retrieved 9 december 2021 the meaning of mahu perkins robert october 2013 like a lady in polynesia the māhū of tahiti the fa a fafine in samoa the fakaleiti in tonga and more gendercentre org au petersham nsw australia the gender centre archived from the original on 24 september 2015 retrieved 30 september 2015 kaua i iki quoted by andrew matzner in transgender queens mahu whatever an oral history from hawai i intersections gender history and culture in the asian context issue 6 august 2001 the meaning of māhū outright international outrightinternational org retrieved 20 august 2026 dekneef matthew 21 november 2022 native hawaiian māhū are reclaiming their history them retrieved 16 june 2025 mcavoy audrey 8 july 2022 hawaii museum revisits history of gender fluid healers ap news retrieved 20 july 2023 roughgarden joan 2004 evolution s rainbow william bligh bounty logbook thursday 15 january 1789 james boyd traditions of the wizard stones ka pae mahu 1907 hawaiian almanac and annual dean hamer hinaleimoana wong kalu 2022 kapaemahu toward story sovereignty of a hawaiian tradition of healing and gender diversity the contemporary pacific 34 2 255 291 doi 10 1353 cp 2022 0046 via project muse mary kawena pukui place names of hawaii 2nd ed 1974 university of hawaii press mary kawena pukui samuael h ebert hawaiian dictionary 1986 university of hawaii press webster s international dictionary of the english language 1890 merriam company the healer stones of kapaemahu bishop museum 2022 retrieved 19 january 2025 1 2 vargas llosa mario the men women of the pacific tate org uk tate britain archived from the original on 2 april 2015 retrieved 25 july 2017 stephen f eisenman gauguin s skirt 1997 zanghellini aleardo 2013 sodomy laws and gender variance in tahiti and hawai i laws 2 2 51 68 doi 10 3390 laws2020051 biddle george 1999 tahitian journal u of minnesota press isbn 9780816604968 kleiber eleanor 10 september 2019 gender identity and sexual identity in the pacific and hawai i introduction university of hawai i at mānoa library retrieved 19 september 2019 ellingson lyndall odo carol december 2008 hiv risk behaviors among mahuwahine native hawaiian transgender women aids education and prevention 20 6 558 569 doi 10 1521 aeap 2008 20 6 558 issn 0899 9546 pmid 19072530 borofsky amelia rachel hokule a 29 october 2012 gender identity disorder to go the way of homosexuality the atlantic retrieved 18 january 2019 1 2 3 robertson carol e 1989 the māhū of hawai i feminist studies 15 2 318 doi 10 2307 3177791 issn 0046 3663 jstor 3177791 alexeyeff kalissa besnier niko eds 2014 gender on the edge transgender gay and other pacific islanders honolulu p 105 isbn 9780824840198 oclc 875894847 cite book cs1 maint location missing publisher link gender on the edge gender on the edge transgender gay and other pacific islanders university of hawai i press 2014 p 95 isbn 9780824838829 jstor j ctt6wqhsc gender on the edge gender on the edge transgender gay and other pacific islanders university of hawai i press 2014 p 108 isbn 9780824838829 jstor j ctt6wqhsc eisenman stephen f 1999 gauguin s skirt london thames and hudson isbn 978 0500280386 matzner andrew 2001 o au no keia voices from hawai i s mahu and transgender communities external links edit kumu hina a place in the middle a māhū oriented website coming out overcoming a visit with hinaleimoana wong interview with māhū hinaleimoana wong by ehu kekahu cardwell from voices of truth documentary program by the koani foundation the beautiful way hawaiian culture embraces a particular kind of transgender identity short queer voices column on the topic in the huffington post v t e gender and sexual identities sex as a biological variable sex gender distinction sexuality and gender identity based cultures gender identities genders man woman non binary agender third gender gender fluidity androgyne gender and sex male female intersex sex assignment cisgender transgender trans man trans woman social aspects anti gender movement disciplining gendered bodies gender binary gender neutrality gender nonconformity gender roles gender self identification postgenderism social construction of gender related terms androgynos apwint bakla binabinaaine boi bugis genders bissu calabai calalai chibados cross dresser enaree eunuch galli faʻafafine faʻatama fakafifine femboy femminiello gender bender güevedoce hijra kathoey köçek koekchuch lhamana māhū masculine of center mudoko dako mukhannath mustarjil muxe nádleehi palopa sipiniq sworn virgin travesti transsexual akava ine rae rae fakaleitī mak nyah tumtum two spirit vakasalewalewa winkte x gender sexual orientation identities sexual orientations asexual gray aegosexual demisexual monosexual heterosexual homosexual plurisexual bisexual omnisexual pansexual polysexual social aspects analloeroticism antisexuality asociality attraction to transgender people heterosociality homoaffectivity homosociality romantic orientation aromanticism sociosexuality alternative labels allosexual androphilia and gynephilia banjee bi curious down low gay gay men heteroflexible khanith lesbian sapphic non heterosexual queer questioning same gender loving takatāpui see also aphobia acephobia arophobia discrimination against non binary people discrimination against transgender people transmisandry transmisogyny ex gay ex ex gay lgbtq health mental health suicide legal recognition of non binary gender legal status of transgender people right to personal identity split attraction model transgender archaeology transgender inequality authority control databases national france bnf data retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title māhū oldid 1370407924 categories lgbtq native hawaiian culture native hawaiian culture gender systems third gender transgender topics in oceania transgender topics in the united states indigenous lgbtq culture in oceania hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata use dmy dates from june 2026 articles containing hawaiian language text articles containing tongan language text articles containing samoan language text wikipedia articles needing page number citations from june 2022 cs1 maint location missing publisher this page was last edited on 21 august ...