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permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia part of a series on arabic culture architecture styles nabataean yemeni islamic umayyad abbasid fatimid moorish mamluk features ablaq alfiz arabesque early medieval arabic domes high medieval arabic domes late medieval arabic domes banna i gardens girih horseshoe arch howz hypostyle islamic calligraphy islamic geometric patterns islamic ornament iwan liwan mashrabiya riad mosaic multifoil arch muqarnas nagash painting qadad reflecting pool riwaq sahn socarrat stucco decoration tadelakt vaulting voussoir windcatcher zellij types albarrana tower alcázar souq caravanserai bimaristan hammam kasbah madrasa maqam mazar mosque medina quarter qalat ribat sabil shadirvan tekyeh well house zawiya art styles ancient south arabian art nabataean art islamic art fatimid art mamluk art types arabic calligraphy arabic graffiti arab carpet arabic miniature arab pottery palestinian wood carving islamic embroidery islamic hardstone carving islamic garden islamic glass islamic ivory carving islamic metalwork features arabesque arabic geometric patterns banna i damascus steel damask girih tiles hedwig glass kiswah muqarnas pseudo arabic zellij cuisine eastern arabian levantine iraqi egyptian sudanese maghrebi dress headwear agal battoulah haik keffiyeh litham madhalla sidara taqiyah tantour tarboush fez turban clothing abaya bisht burnous djellaba durra ah fouta towel izaar jellabiya kaftan macawis robe of honour sirwal takchita thawb tiraz music theory arabic maqam arab tone system algerian scale jins lazma quarter tone rhythm in arabic music tarab teslim arabic musical instruments great book of music kitab al aghani genres arabic pop arabic hip hop arabic rock arabic jazz classical arab music opera al jeel khaliji raï art music andalusian classical music andalusi nubah bashraf dawr dulab layali malhun iraqi maqam mawwal muwashshah qasidah qudud halabiya sama i tahmilah taqsim waslah folk ataaba algerian raï bedouin chaabi algeria chaabi morocco egyptian folk fann at tanbura fijiri gnawa north africa liwa mawwal mezwed samri sawt shaabi zajal dance ardah belly dance dabke deheyeh guedra hagallah khaleegy liwa mizmar ouled nail raqs sharqi samri shamadan schikhatt tahtib tanoura yowlah zār scripts old arabic nabataean arabic paleo arabic classical arabic modern standard arabic literature prose epic literature saj ryhmed prose maqama love in arabic literature arabic erotic literature arabic grimoires literary_criticism arabic short story tabaqat tezkire rihla mirrors for princes islamic quran tafsir hadith sīra fiqh aqidah poetry anthologies poets pre islamic arabic poetry modern arabic poetry genres madih hija rithā waṣf ghazal khamriyyah tardiyyah khawal fakhr hamasah forms diwan qasida muwashshah urjūza mathnawi ruba i nasīb riddles kharja zajal mawwal nabati ghinnawa humayni arabic prosody bayt ṭawīl madīd basīṭ kamil wāfir hazaj rajaz ramal munsariħ khafīf muqtaḍab mujtathth muḍāriʿ sarīʿ mutaqārib mutadārik national literatures of arab states algeria bahrain comoros djibouti egypt iraq jordan kuwait lebanon libya mauritania morocco oman palestine qatar saudi arabia somalia sudan syria tunisia u a e yemen science arabic chemistry arabic astrology arabic astronomy arabic geography arabic golden age arabic mathematics arabic medicine arabic psychology arabic technology philosophy early arabic philosophy islamic aristotelianism islamic platonism islamic logic kalam sufi metaphysics sufi philosophy farabism avicennism averroism concepts al aql al faal aql bi l fi l al insān al kāmil dhati peace arcs of descent and ascent asabiyyah hal irfan nafs qadar qalb texts liber de causis the theology of aristotle al isharat the book of the apple encyclopedia of the brethren of purity the incoherence of the philosophers the incoherence of the incoherence hayy ibn yaqdhan theologus autodidactus on the harmony of religions and philosophy muqaddimah sicilian questions fusus al hikam mythology ababil atlantis of the sands bahamut beast of the earth book of idols book of wonders buraq dandan falak ghoul hinn houri ifrit iram of the pillars jinn karkadann kujata luqman magic carpet marid mount qaf nasnas one thousand and one nights qareen qutrub roc shaddad shadhavar shams al ma arif she camel of god wāḳwāḳ zulfiqar zarqa al yamama fictional arab people aladdin abdul alhazred ali baba altaïr ibn la ahad battal gazi hayy ibn yaqdhan kara ben nemsi king marsile layla and majnun othello palamedes princess jasmine ra s al ghul sindbad talia al ghul spirituality north arabian deities allah al uzzá al lat manāt dushara chaabou manaf nuha al kutbay asira awal azizos bajir quzah manāt manāt a ra abgal aglibol al qaum atarsamain baalshamin bēl hubal suwa theandrios wadd malakbel orotalt ruda sa d yarhibol isāf and nā ila south arabian deities almaqah amm anbay athtar dhat badan haubas ta lab qaynan basamum dhul khalasa haukim nasr sīn ya uq yaghūth yatha v t e nabataean art is the art of the nabataeans of north arabia they are known for finely potted painted ceramics which became dispersed among greco roman world as well as contributions to sculpture and nabataean architecture nabataean art is most well known for the archaeological sites in petra specifically monuments such as al khazneh and ad deir al khazneh or the treasury at petra ceramics edit examples of nabataean ceramics nabataean pottery is characterised by its thin walls and floral motifs the exclusive use of floral patterns links back to nabataean aniconism in their religious practices the designs on the wares are generally painted on or pressed into the surface with stamps and rouletting wheels to put a finish on the pieces the makers burnished them or used a sintering process most of the wares are pinkish in color much like the cliffs surrounding the city this is because nabataean potters used local clay bodies in their work 1 nabataean wares take many forms and can be classified by their thickness rim shape bases and decor 2 in some cases the forms of the vessels mimic the shape of metal wares from the region 3 these vessels would have been for daily use not ceremonial despite the unusually large amount of broken shards found in rubbish heaps 2 architecture edit main article nabataean architecture tombs edit nabataean tombs are primarily rock cut tombs they are created from cutting directly into the landscape traditionally rock see rock cut tombs in israel rock cut tombs are the most frequently found within excavated nabataean archeological sites there have been nearly 900 rock cut tombs found in petra and hegra nabataean tombs are a fusion hellenistic and roman styles as well as a gradual creation of the nabataean style some offer features of clear greek influence such as pediments metope and triglyph entablatrures and capitals they were built to honour gods and leaders as well as house generations of a specific family tombs are located normally inside the city these tombs are simple in style but elaborated in function often featuring steps platforms libation holes cisterns water channels and sometimes banqueting halls many feature numerous religious icons inscriptions and sanctuaries found in association with springs catchment pools and channels 4 obelisk tomb crenelated tombs see crenelation are popular within nabataean architecture there are several variations of crenelation wavering in number of tiers crenelated tombs were created in order to represent fortifications creating a symbol of cities strength military power later under achaemenid persians the fortification context was removed giving a greater scope to a sign of kingship and authority several tombs feature obelisks on their exterior obelisks are a narrow tapering monument often used to represent the nephesh specific leaders and gods of monolithic societies they are often found in near eastern and egyptian architecture tombs with detailed facades are also quite popular in the nabataean community there are a total of eight different façade types single pylon double pylon step proto hegr hegr arch simple classical and complex classical single pylon double pylon step proto hegr and hegr are characterised by variations on the crowstep motif combined with elements from classical architecture arch simple classical and complex classical have only classical motifs which have been given nabataean interpretation 4 at petra there is a series of tombs called the royal tombs these tombs are split into four sections the urn tomb the silk tomb the corinthian tomb and the palace tomb the urn tomb is built high on the mountain side and requires climbing up a number of flights of stairs it has been suggested that this is the tomb of nabataean king malchus ii who died in 70 ad beside it is the silk tomb named from its rich color of the sandstone the corinthian tomb is next featuring greek corinthian columns finally the palace tomb with three distinct stories in its facade 5 triclinia and other memorial structures edit feasts dedicated to the dead were held in the area of petra in triclinia set up in man made caves which in special cases were part of large elaborate complexes such as the one in wadi farasa temples edit among petra s most remarkable temples are the great temple qasr al bint fir aun the temple of the winged lions residential structures edit relatively little archaeological research has been done in the residential areas of petra work in petra s az zantur area has indicated that there has been an evolution from non permanent housing tents to built structures with sedentarisation happening only gradually and tents coexisting with stately mansions even in later phases of evolution 6 even the well researched stone built and elaborately decorated nabataean az zantur mansion consisted of a sumptuous representational wing with western stucco and fresco decoration and a simple residential wing 6 there were also caves used for residential purposes sculpture edit nabataean sculpture camel and riders ca 1st century bc early nabataean sculpture had several characteristics of roman greek and syrian sculpture wild hair dramatic facial expressions and s curves mirrored the hellenistic style of sculpture greek sculpture was represented with the long tight beards symmetry and perfecting of the human body 7 in later years nabataean sculpture later became very stylised certain elements such as hair were kept in the greco roman style but many other things evolved into what is now understood to be nabataean these characteristics are found in facial structures the eyes of several pieces are depicted with characteristically flat cartoonish semicircular eyes the same pieces often have triangular noses and large round chins beyond human forms nabataean sculpture has come in the form of animals such as birds elephants and camels 7 a number of different gods and goddesses are commonly represented throughout nabataean sculpture the majority are gods and goddesses that were worshiped by the nabataeans however some are representative of greek roman and middle eastern beliefs in addition the zodiacs are periodically represented throughout their many art forms dushara was a principal male deity of the nabataeans he has been compared to zeus in greek culture as well as dionysus examples of dushara have been found in several places in petra as well as khirbet et tannur 7 initially and traditionally dushara was represented in an aniconic form such as a square block as is represented by the baetyls of petra but there is a large amount of detailed sculpture found of dushura one specific piece shows a hellenistic face showing action and fleshy vivacious characteristics 8 other commonly represented gods would include al uzza al kutbay nike mythology and the zodiacs 8 baetyls edit baetyl from the temple of winged lions in petra inscribed hayyan son of naybat enlarged replica ratio 10 1 baetyls are another means used for the representation of gods and goddesses beyond traditional sculpture they appear in abundance in nabataean art they are often carved within shrines in both public and private places some have pedestals or are set within niches baetyls were used to embody their gods most often although not exclusively dushara they can be all sizes in groups or stand alone they appear as relief sculpture and in the round the carvings are rectangular and non figural though in some cases they have stylised eyes and a nose similar to aramic and south arabian face stelae 9 painting edit ceiling frescoes in the painted house at little petra few instances of nabataean painting have survived most are fragments of purely decorative interior painting there has been enough to demonstrate however that they follow the contemporary hellenistic style in which few paintings remain 10 in 2010 it was revealed that a biclinium now known colloquially as the painted house at little petra in jordan had extensive ceiling frescoes which had long been concealed under soot from bedouin campfires and other inscriptions in the ensuing centuries a three year restoration project had made them visible again they depict in extensive detail and with a variety of media including glazes and gold leaf imagery such as grapevines and putti associated with the greek god dionysus suggesting the space may have been used for wine consumption perhaps with visiting merchants in addition to being the only known example of nabataean interior figurative painting in situ they are one of the very few examples of hellenistic painting extant and have been considered superior to later roman imitations of the style at herculaneum 10 references edit wikimedia commons has media related to nabataean art nabil i khairy spring 1983 technical aspects of fine nabataean pottery bulletin of the american schools of oriental research no 250 pp 17 40 1 2 philip c hammond 1962 a classification of nabataean fine ware american journal of archaeology vol 66 no 2 pp 169 180 michael vickers apr 1994 nabataea india gaul and carthage reflections on hellenistic and roman gold vessels and red gloss pottery american journal of archaeology vol 98 no 2 pp 231 248 1 2 zeyad al salameen 2011 the nabataeans and aisa minor mediterranean archaeology and archaeometry vol 11 no 2 55 78 royal tombs retrieved 2026 01 15 1 2 patrich joseph 2007 politis konstantinos d ed nabataean art between east and west a methodical assessment volume 2 of the international conference the world of the herods and the nabataeans held at the british museum 17 19 april 2001 oriens et occidens 15 stuttgart franz steiner verlag pp 79 101 79 isbn 978 3 515 11110 2 retrieved 10 june 2020 cite book work ignored help 1 2 3 zayadine f 2003 the nabataean gods and their sanctuaries petra rediscovered lost city of the nabataeans g markoe n...