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ulti cultural assyrian empire in the 10th century bc the concomitant rise of the assyrian s nation god assur to inter cultural prominence influenced how national gods were generally perceived moreover the political unification of the fractured nation states under a single supreme head of state encouraged the idea of a multi national one god worldview as well 10 by the 7th century bc however assyria was in decline and the smaller nation states began to reassert their independence in this context the development of a one god worldview in 7th century bc kingdom of judah can be perceived as a response to the diminishing claims to cultural hegemony of the assyrian one god ideology of the time 10 these scholars believe this process is evident in some parts of the torah which predate the 6th century bc and thus preserve vestiges of the theology centered on a national god during the 10th century bc monarchic period 11 they consider the old testament to still be conscious of the fact that yhwh the national god of israel originally was one of the gods in the council of el deut 32 8 9 9 in the region of south arabia in what is now yemen the sabaeans the minaeans and the himyar each perceived themselves to be the children of respectively almaqah wadd and shamash 12 balu is considered the god of kingdom of awsan while others have said wadd was too as an overseer 13 central asia edit jean paul roux named tengri as the national god of the gokturk khanate 14 or of all turkic peoples 15 south asia edit during the early vedic period and amongst the indo aryan peoples indra was the national god of the indo aryan people and the bharatas revered as a benefactor and champion who protected the arya tribes against non vedic enemy factions 16 in sri lanka the god kataragama is equated with skanda and developed into a national god 17 europe edit in the ancient greek narrative of the illiad apollo serves as national representative and divine protector for the people of troy 18 the transition of greek society to city states had some with national deities such as the athenians whose patron was athena 19 martti haavio for the finnish people characterized ukko as that nation s god 20 americas edit in the mesoamerican civilization of the mayans itzamna served as the national deity 21 with the aztecs huitzilopochtli a god of war and sacrifice served that purpose for the mexica in another reworking of the myth huitzilopochtli was substituted for maquizoatl and they raised this national god to the same level of importance as tezcatlipoca and quetzalcoatl 22 the tlaxcallans who opposed the aztecs had camaxtli who is equivalent to huitzilopochtli 23 africa edit for the ancient egyptians amun amun ra and horus during the new kingdom became the nationally worshipped gods 24 modern period edit philippine edit in search of a national culture and identity away from the catholic religion imposed by spain during its colonisation of the philippines those who instigated the philippine revolution proposed to revive indigenous philippine folk religions and make them the national religion of the entire country the katipunan opposed the religious teachings of the spanish friars saying that they obscured rather than explained religious truths after the revival of the katipunan during the spanish american war an idealized form of the folk religions was proposed by some with the worship of god under the ancient name bathala which applies to all supreme deities under the many ethnic pantheons across the country however the re vitalization process of the indigenous faiths of the philippines did not progress further as the filipino forces were defeated by the americans in 1902 which led to the second christian colonization of the archipelago 25 germanic edit carl jung in his essay wotan 1936 identifies the germanic god of the storm leader of the wild hunt wotan as the national god of the german people and warns of the rise of german nationalism and ultimately the then impending catastrophe of nazism and world war ii in terms of the re awakening of this god but what is more than curious indeed piquant to a degree is that an ancient god of storm and frenzy the long quiescent wotan should awake like an extinct volcano to new activity in a civilized country that had long been supposed to have outgrown the middle ages i venture the heretical suggestion that the unfathomable depths of wotan s character explain more of national socialism than all three reasonable factors viz economic political and psychological put together this is a tragic experience and no disgrace it has always been terrible to fall into the hands of a living god yahweh was no exception to this rule and the philistines edomites amorites and the rest who were outside the yahweh experience must certainly have found it exceedingly disagreeable the semitic experience of allah was for a long time an extremely painful affair for the whole of christendom we who stand outside judge the germans far too much as if they were responsible agents but perhaps it would be nearer the truth to regard them also as victims 26 japanese edit in japan the yasukuni shrine was seen as the highest honour a subject could receive where they are honoured for their death in service to the nation followed by an apotheosis as a national god 27 christianity edit christian missionaries have repeatedly re interpreted national gods in terms of the christian god this fact is reflected in the names of god in various languages of christianized peoples such as shangdi or shen among chinese christians ngai among a number of tribes of kenya etc in a modern context the term of a national god addresses the emergence of national churches within christianity citation needed this tendency of nationalizing the christian god especially in the context of national churches sanctioning warfare against other christian nations during world war i was denounced as heretical by karl barth 28 hindu buddhism edit see also vande mataram banga mata sri lanka mata bangamata sri lanka matha telugu thalli siam devadhiraj kuladevata and gramadevata indra is still one of the primary ancient vedic deities in hinduism he is the king of svarga heaven and the devas gods he is associated with lightning thunder storms rains river flows and war indra is the most frequently mentioned deity in the rigveda 29 30 31 32 indra s mythology and powers are similar to other indo european deities such as jupiter perun perkūnas zalmoxis taranis zeus and thor suggesting a common origin in proto indo european mythology 33 34 31 bharat mata starting in the late 19th century a divine personification of india bharat came into existence after the indian rebellion of 1857 against the british and is seen as the goddess of india and the indian people by hindus jains and some buddhists 35 36 see also edit constitutional references to god cult image a human made object that is venerated for the deity person or spirit that it represents ethnic religion god and the state imperial cult form of state religion national personification fictional character representing a country patron deity religious exclusivism references edit webster merriam 1999 merriam webster s encyclopedia of world religions merriam webster isbn 978 0 87779 044 0 cowen ron 2016 01 29 ancient babylonians took first steps to calculus science 351 6272 435 435 doi 10 1126 science 351 6272 435 nguyen trung 2015 is there a god encognitive com isbn 978 1 927091 16 6 novotny jamie 2025 11 13 cammarosano michele ed 191ashurbanipal and objects for esagil and ešarra a case study of erasing removing and replacing texts at the height of the assyrian empire pdf erasing and rewriting in manuscript cultures de gruyter pp 191 216 abel s sitali 2018 monotheism and angelology in persian period yehud university of pretoria p 128 smelik klaas a d 2013 01 24 chemosh the encyclopedia of ancient history john wiley sons inc doi 10 1002 9781444338386 wbeah24051 isbn 978 1 4443 3838 6 retrieved 2021 05 09 stern ephraim 2001 pagan yahwism the folk religion of ancient israel biblical archaeology review 27 3rd ed washington 20 29 issn 0098 9444 proquest 214913086 sheger ashtoret and ashtor the patron gods of transjordanian shepherds thetorah com www thetorah com retrieved 2026 06 17 1 2 van der toorn k becking bob van der horst pieter willem eds 1999 king dictionary of deities and demons in the bible brill p 485 isbn 978 90 04 11119 6 1 2 3 4 smith mark s 2008 god in translation deities in cross cultural discourse in the biblical world forschungen zum alten testament vol 57 tübingen mohr siebeck p 19 isbn 978 3 16 149543 4 smith mark s 2003 the origins of biblical monotheism israel s polytheistic background and the ugaritic texts oxford university press pp 155 163 isbn 978 0 19 516768 9 doniger wendy ed 1999 arabian religions merriam webster encyclopedia of world religions merriam webster isbn 978 0 87779 044 0 ryckmans jacques 1989 le panthéon de l arabie du sud préislamique état des problèmes et brève synthèse revue de l histoire des religions 206 2 151 169 doi 10 3406 rhr 1989 1830 abaev nikolai 2013 03 01 tengrianstvo as national and state and national religion of the turko mongolian people of internal asia karadeniz uluslararası bilimsel dergi in turkish 1 19 409 417 issn 1308 6200 xenia celnarova 1997 the religious ideas of the early turks from point of view of zi ya gokalp institute of oriental and african studies slovak academy of sciences https www sav sk journals aas full aas197g pdf dandekar r n 1950 vrtrahā indra annals of the bhandarkar oriental research institute 31 1 4 1 55 issn 0378 1143 jstor 44028390 lurker manfred 2004 the routledge dictionary of gods and goddesses devils and demons psychology press p 101 isbn 978 0 415 34018 2 lagos constantine 2021 01 01 myths and cults of ancient tenea pdf historia questoes debates v 69 1 47 doi 10 5380 his v00i0 000000 athena deity social sciences and humanities research starters ebsco research ebsco retrieved 2026 06 17 haavio martti 1967 suomalainen mytologia in finnish porvoo helsinki wsoy lurker manfred 2004 the routledge dictionary of gods and goddesses devils and demons psychology press p 91 isbn 978 0 415 34018 2 nardo don currie stephen 2014 aztec mythology greenhaven publishing llc isbn 978 1 4205 0922 9 camaxtli pueblosoriginarios com archived from the original on 2025 12 09 retrieved 2026 06 17 the oxford essential guide to egyptian mythology internet archive new york berkley books 2003 pp 164 168 isbn 978 0 425 19096 8 cite book cs1 maint others link cs1 maint publisher location link l w v kennon august 1901 the katipunan of the philippines the north american review 17 537 university of northern iowa 211 214 jstor 25105201 first published in neue schweizer rundschau zurich march 1936 657 69 republished in aufsätze zur zeitgeschichte zurich 1946 1 23 english translation by barbara hannah essays on contemporary events london 1947 hardacre helen 1989 shintō and the state 1868 1988 internet archive princeton n j princeton university press p 133 isbn 978 0 691 07348 4 barth ethnics ed braun transl bromiley new york 1981 p 305 gonda jan 1989 the indra hymns of the ṛgveda brill archive p 3 isbn 90 04 09139 4 bauer susan wise 2007 the history of the ancient world from the earliest accounts to the fall of rome 1st ed new york w w norton p 265 isbn 978 0 393 05974 8 1 2 berry thomas 1996 religions of india hinduism yoga buddhism columbia university press pp 20 21 isbn 978 0 231 10781 5 griswold hervey de witt 1971 the religion of the ṛigveda motilal banarsidass pp 177 180 isbn 978 81 208 0745 7 madan t n 2003 the hinduism omnibus oxford university press p 81 isbn 978 0 19 566411 9 bhattacharji sukumari 2015 the indian theogony cambridge university press pp 280 281 mcgregor r s 1993 bhārat oxford hindi english dictionary oxford university press history lesson how bharat mata became the code word for a theocratic hindu state 17 march 2016 v t e national symbols list topics coat of arms colour deity dish emblem father flag flower myth patron saint personification poetry epic poets religion sport lists animals birds anthems dances flowers founders fruits instruments drinks liquors mottos trees galleries country coats of arms state flags category commons v t e nationalism development anthem border homeland identity language music myth epic religion god self determination sport symbol animal colours emblem flag flower treasure by type ai anarchist authoritarian bourgeois business welfare civic conservative constitutional patriotism corporate diaspora ecological economic ethnic european expansionist palingenetic ultranationalism feminist hetero homo integral internet left wing communist moderate liberal linguistic mystic neo pan queer racial right wing populism religious resource revolutionary ethnocacerism syndicalist fascism romantic state technological territorial terrorism trans ultra organizations list of nationalist organizations nationalist clubs related concepts anarchism and nationalism anationalism anti nationalism banal nationalism cross border region cultural nationalism diaspora politics discrimination based on nationality eliminationism exceptionalism gastronationalism gender and nationalism historiography and nationalism internationalism irredentism jingoism liberalism and nationalism mercantilism nationalism and archaeology nation building national indifference national question national revival nation state nationalism in antiquity nationalism in the middle ages nationalism studies nativism natural border primordialism plurinationalism principle of nationalities fr revanchism sport and nationalism state building wars of national liberation v t e theism concepts deity list by classification by cultural sphere of people considered deities divinity forms agnostic theism classical theism deism pan dipolar theism dystheism egotheism misotheism henotheism ietsism kathenotheism monolatry monotheism ethical post panentheism pantheism classical pantheism hylotheism naturalistic pantheism philosophical theism liberal physitheism euhemerism polytheism skeptical theism syntheism theistic finitism transtheism tritheism deities by association agriculture art beauty chaos creator dawn death earth false fate and time fertility fire fortune health household hunting king knowledge light liminal love and lust mother moon list national nature night personal rain resurrection sky smithing sun list supreme list thunder tree tutelary vegetation volcano war water weather wind see also religion theology existence of the divine nontheism agnosticism apatheism atheism post theism religion portal category retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title national_god oldid 1376806396 categories national gods ethnic religions hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata articles needing additional references from october 2015 all articles needing additional referenc...