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e account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 effects on earth 2 risk by supernova type 3 past events 4 see also 5 references toggle the table of contents near earth supernova 12 languages العربية فارسی bahasa indonesia italiano 日本語 한국어 македонски română русский türkçe українська 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia supernova close enough to affect earth s biosphere the crab nebula is a pulsar wind nebula associated with the 1054 supernova it is located about 6 500 light years from the earth 1 main article history of supernova observation a near earth supernova is an explosion resulting from the death of a star that occurs close enough to the earth less than roughly 10 to 300 parsecs 33 to 978 light years away 2 to have noticeable effects on its biosphere an estimated 20 supernova explosions have happened within 300 pc of the earth over the last 300 thousand years type ii supernova explosions are expected to occur in active star forming regions with 12 such ob associations being located within 650 pc of the earth at present there are up to 14 near earth supernova candidates within 300 pc 3 4 5 effects on earth edit estimates for the rate of supernova explosions are highly uncertain an example is that on average one supernova explosion occurs within 10 parsecs 33 light years of the earth every 240 million years 6 gamma rays are responsible for most of the adverse effects that a supernova may have on a life harboring terrestrial planet in earth s case gamma rays induce radiolysis of diatomic n 2 and o 2 in the upper atmosphere converting molecular nitrogen and oxygen into nitrogen oxides and thereby notably depleting the ozone layer enough to expose the surface to bio harmful mainly ultra violet solar and cosmic radiation phytoplankton and reef communities would be particularly affected which could severely deplete the base of the marine food chain 6 7 historically nearby supernovae may have influenced the biodiversity of life on the planet geological records suggest that nearby supernova events have led to an increase in cosmic rays which in turn produced a cooler climate a greater temperature difference between the poles and the equator created stronger winds increased ocean mixing and resulted in the transport of nutrients to shallow waters along the continental shelves this led to greater biodiversity 8 9 odenwald 10 discusses the possible effects of a betelgeuse supernova on the earth and on human space travel especially the effects of the stream of charged particles that would reach the earth about 100 000 years later than the initial light and other electromagnetic radiation produced by the explosion however it is estimated that it may take up to 1 5 million years for betelgeuse to undergo a supernova 11 risk by supernova type edit candidates within 300 pc 3 4 5 star designation distance pc mass m evolutionary stage ik pegasi 46 1 65 1 15 white dwarf nunki 70 6 5 6 3 main sequence via stellar merger 12 spica 80 10 25 7 0 blue subgiant acrux 99 17 8 main sequence alpha 2 crucis 99 15 52 main sequence zeta ophiuchi 112 20 main sequence uridim 141 10 1 blue giant betelgeuse 125 168 1 14 19 red supergiant antares 169 12 4 10 red supergiant ahadi 250 11 7 0 2 13 red supergiant rigel 264 18 blue supergiant s monocerotis a 282 29 1 main sequence s monocerotis b 282 21 3 main sequence speculation as to the effects of a nearby supernova on earth often focuses on large stars as type ii supernova candidates several prominent stars within a few hundred light years of the sun are candidates for becoming supernovae in as little as 1 000 years although they would be extremely visible if these predictable supernovae were to occur they are thought to pose little threat to earth citation needed it is estimated that a type ii supernova closer than eight parsecs 26 light years would destroy more than half of the earth s ozone layer 14 such estimates are based on atmospheric modeling and the measured radiation flux from sn 1987a a type ii supernova in the large magellanic cloud estimates of the rate of supernova occurrence within 10 parsecs of the earth vary from 0 05 0 5 per billion years 7 to 10 per billion years 15 several studies assume that supernovae are concentrated in the spiral arms of the galaxy and that supernova explosions near the sun usually occur during the approximately 10 million years that the sun takes to pass through one of these regions 14 examples of relatively near supernovae are the vela supernova remnant c 800 ly c 12 000 years ago and geminga c 550 ly c 300 000 years ago type ia supernovae are thought to be potentially the most dangerous if they occur close enough to the earth because type ia supernovae arise from dim common white dwarf stars it is likely that a supernova that could affect the earth will occur unpredictably and take place in a star system that is not well studied the closest known candidate is ik pegasi 16 it is currently estimated however that by the time it could become a threat its velocity in relation to the solar system would have carried ik pegasi to a safe distance 14 past events edit evidence from daughter products of short lived radioactive isotopes shows that a nearby supernova helped determine the composition of the solar system 4 5 billion years ago and may even have triggered the formation of this system 17 supernova production of heavy elements over astronomic periods of time ultimately made the chemistry of life on earth possible past supernovae might be detectable on earth in the form of metal isotope signatures in rock strata subsequently iron 60 enrichment has been reported in deep sea rock of the pacific ocean by researchers from the technical university of munich 18 19 20 twenty three atoms of this iron isotope were found in the top 2 cm of crust this layer corresponds to times from 13 4 million years ago to the present 20 it is estimated that the supernova must have occurred in the last 5 million years or else it would have had to happen very close to the solar system to account for so much iron 60 still being here a supernova occurring so close would have probably caused a mass extinction which did not happen in that time frame 21 the quantity of iron seems to indicate that the supernova was less than 30 parsecs away on the other hand the authors estimate the frequency of supernovae at a distance less than d for reasonably small d as around d 10 pc 3 per billion years which gives a probability of only around 5 for a supernova within 30 pc in the last 5 million years they point out that the probability may be higher because the solar system is entering the orion arm of the milky way in 2019 the group in munich found interstellar dust in antarctic surface snow not older than 20 years which they relate to the local interstellar cloud the detection of interstellar dust in antarctica was done by the measurement of the radionuclides fe 60 and mn 53 by highly sensitive accelerator mass spectrometry where fe 60 is again the clear signature for a recent near earth supernova origin 22 gamma ray bursts from dangerously close supernova explosions occur two or more times per billion years and this has been proposed as the cause of the end ordovician extinction which resulted in the death of nearly 60 of the oceanic life on earth 23 multiple supernovae in a cluster of dying hypergiant stars that occurred in rapid succession on an astronomical and geological timescale have also been proposed as a trigger for the multiple pulses of the late devonian extinction in particular the hangenberg event at the terminus of the devonian 24 in 1998 a supernova remnant rx j0852 0 4622 was found in front apparently of the larger vela supernova remnant 25 gamma rays from the decay of titanium 44 half life about 60 years were independently discovered emanating from it 26 showing that it must have exploded fairly recently perhaps around the year 1200 but there is no historical record of it its distance is controversial but some scientists argue from the flux of gamma rays and x rays that the supernova remnant is only 200 parsecs 650 700 light years away 27 if so its occurring 800 years ago is a statistically unexpected event because supernovae less than 200 parsecs away are estimated to occur less than once per 100 000 years 20 see also edit list of supernova candidates references edit kaplan d l chatterjee s gaensler b m anderson j 2008 a precise proper motion for the crab pulsar and the difficulty of testing spin kick alignment for young neutron stars the astrophysical journal 677 2 1201 1215 arxiv 0801 1142 bibcode 2008apj 677 1201k doi 10 1086 529026 s2cid 17840947 joshua sokol jan 14 2016 what if history s brightest supernova exploded in earth s backyard the atlantic 1 2 firestone r b july 2014 observation of 23 supernovae that exploded 300 pc from earth during the past 300 kyr the astrophysical journal 789 1 11 bibcode 2014apj 789 29f doi 10 1088 0004 637x 789 1 29 29 1 2 mukhopadhyay mainak lunardini cecilia timmes f x zuber kai august 2020 presupernova neutrinos directional sensitivity and prospects for progenitor identification the astrophysical journal 899 2 153 arxiv 2004 02045 bibcode 2020apj 899 153m doi 10 3847 1538 4357 ab99a6 issn 0004 637x 1 2 acrux stars astro illinois edu retrieved 2024 09 16 1 2 ellis j schramm d n 1993 could a nearby supernova explosion have caused a mass extinction proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the united states of america 92 1 235 8 arxiv hep ph 9303206 bibcode 1995pnas 92 235e doi 10 1073 pnas 92 1 235 pmc 42852 pmid 11607506 1 2 whitten r c borucki w j wolfe j h cuzzi j 1976 effect of nearby supernova explosions on atmospheric ozone nature 263 5576 398 400 bibcode 1976natur 263 398w doi 10 1038 263398a0 s2cid 4154916 petersen carolyn collins march 22 2023 did supernovae help push life to become more diverse universe today retrieved 2023 03 23 svensmark henrik march 16 2023 a persistent influence of supernovae on biodiversity over the phanerozoic ecology and evolution 13 3 e9898 wiley online library bibcode 2023ecoev 13e9898s doi 10 1002 ece3 9898 pmc 10019915 pmid 36937070 e9898 odenwald sten 2017 12 06 the betelgeuse supernova huffington post retrieved 21 april 2020 neuhäuser ralph torres guillermo mugrauer markus neuhäuser dagmar l chapman jesse luge daniela cosci matteo 2022 09 05 colour evolution of betelgeuse and antares over two millennia derived from historical records as a new constraint on mass and age monthly notices of the royal astronomical society 516 1 693 719 arxiv 2207 04702 doi 10 1093 mnras stac1969 issn 0035 8711 waisberg idel klein ygal katz boaz april 2025 hidden companions to intermediate mass stars xxvi uncovering nunki sigma sagittarii as a 6 5 m 6 3 m 0 60 au binary research notes of the aas 9 4 71 doi 10 3847 2515 5172 adc739 issn 2515 5172 tetzlaff n neuhäuser r hohle m m 2011 01 01 a catalogue of young runaway hipparcos stars within 3kpc from the sun monthly notices of the royal astronomical society 410 1 190 200 arxiv 1007 4883 bibcode 2011mnras 410 190t doi 10 1111 j 1365 2966 2010 17434 x 1 2 3 gehrels n et al 2003 ozone depletion from nearby supernovae the astrophysical journal 585 2 1169 1176 arxiv astro ph 0211361 bibcode 2003apj 585 1169g doi 10 1086 346127 s2cid 15078077 clark d h mccrea w h stephenson f r 1977 frequency of nearby supernovae and climatic and biological catastrophes nature 265 5592 318 319 bibcode 1977natur 265 318c doi 10 1038 265318a0 s2cid 4147869 garlick m march 2007 the supernova menace sky telescope 113 3 3 26 bibcode 2007s t 113c 26g taylor g j 2003 05 21 triggering the formation of the solar system planetary science research retrieved 2006 10 20 staff fall 2005 researchers detect near miss supernova explosion university of illinois college of liberal arts and sciences p 17 archived from the original on 2006 09 01 retrieved 2007 02 01 knie k et al 2004 60 fe anomaly in a deep sea manganese crust and implications for a nearby supernova source physical review letters 93 17 171103 171103 171106 bibcode 2004phrvl 93q1103k doi 10 1103 physrevlett 93 171103 pmid 15525065 1 2 3 fields b d ellis j 1999 on deep ocean 60 fe as a fossil of a near earth supernova new astronomy 4 6 419 430 arxiv astro ph 9811457 bibcode 1999newa 4 419f doi 10 1016 s1384 1076 99 00034 2 s2cid 2786806 fields ellis p 10 koll d et al 2019 interstellar 60 fe in antarctica physical review letters 123 7 072701 bibcode 2019phrvl 123g2701k doi 10 1103 physrevlett 123 072701 hdl 1885 298253 pmid 31491090 s2cid 201868513 melott a et al 2004 did a gamma ray burst initiate the late ordovician mass extinction international journal of astrobiology 3 2 55 61 arxiv astro ph 0309415 bibcode 2004ijasb 3 55m doi 10 1017 s1473550404001910 s2cid 13124815 fields brian d melott adrian l ellis john ertel adrienne f fry brian j lieberman bruce s liu zhenghai miller jesse a thomas brian c 18 august 2020 supernova triggers for end devonian extinctions proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the united states of america 117 35 21008 21010 arxiv 2007 01887 bibcode 2020pnas 11721008f doi 10 1073 pnas 2013774117 issn 0027 8424 pmc 7474607 pmid 32817482 aschenbach b 1998 discovery of a young nearby supernova remnant nature 396 6707 141 142 bibcode 1998natur 396 141a doi 10 1038 24103 s2cid 4426317 iyudin a f et al 1998 emission from 44 ti associated with a previously unknown galactic supernova nature 396 6707 142 144 bibcode 1998natur 396 142i doi 10 1038 24106 s2cid 4430526 aschenbach b 1998 discovery of a young nearby supernova remnant pdf nature 396 6707 141 142 bibcode 1998natur 396 141a doi 10 1038 24103 s2cid 4426317 v t e supernovae classes type ia iax type ib and ic type ii hypernova superluminous pair instability calcium rich common envelope jets physics of carbon detonation foe bethe near earth phillips relationship nucleosynthesis p process r process γ process neutrinos related failed fast blue optical transient fast radio burst gamma ray burst gravitational wave kilonova luminous red nova micronova nova pulsar kick quark nova soft gamma repeater imposter pulsational pair instability symbiotic nova progenitors hypergiant yellow luminous blue variable supergiant blue red yellow white dwarf wolf rayet star super agb star population iii star remnants supernova remnant pulsar wind nebula neutron star pulsar magnetar stellar black hole compact star electroweak exotic quark zombie star local bubble superbubble orion eridanus discovery guest star history of supernova observation timeline of white dwarfs ne...