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were found in a gallery tomb which is attributed to two kings equally nebra and his predecessor hotepsekhemwy it is unclear whose son perneb really was 9 10 identity edit statue of hotepdief priest of the mortuary cults of the first 3 rulers of the dynasty hotepsekhemwy nebra and nynetjer the serekh of nebra is the middle one on the shoulder of the priest king nebra is commonly identified with the ramesside era cartouche name kakau which can be translated as the bull of apis this links to the anecdote written by manetho who said that under king kêchoós the greek version of the name kakau the deities apies the goat of mendes and menevus were introduced and worshipped as gods this view is questioned by modern egyptologists as there was already a cult of apis established during the 1st dynasty if not earlier the name kakau itself is problematic for this early pharaoh as there was no name source from nebra s time that could have been used to form the word 11 the birth name of nebra also remains unclear a theory by egyptologist jochem kahl says that nebra was the same person as the mysterious king weneg nebti he points to a vessel fragment made of volcanic ash which was found in the tomb of king peribsen a later ruler during the 2nd dynasty at abydos on the pot sherd he believes there are traces of the weneg flower beneath the incised name of king ninetjer to the right of ninetjer s name the depiction of the ka house of king nebra is partially preserved this arrangement led kahl to conclude that the weneg flower and nebra s name were connected to each other and king ninetjer replaced the inscription kahl also points out that king ninetjer wrote his name mirrored so that his name deliberately runs in the opposite direction to nebra s name 12 kahl s theory is the subject of continuing discussion since the vessel inscription is damaged thus leaving plenty of room for varying interpretations egyptologists such as jürgen von beckerath and battiscombe gunn identify nebra with another mysterious early pharaoh nubnefer this link is questioned by other scholars since the rulers of 2nd dynasty often wrote their birth and horus names in the same way for example hor nebra nisut bity nebty nebra thus the name nubnefer may be the birth name of a different king 13 14 reign edit little is known about nebra s reign the discovery of sealings bearing nebra s name together with sealings of hotepsekhemwy at saqqara suggests that nebra conducted the burial of hotepsekhemwy and was his direct successor 15 additional confirmation of this succession is provided by a statue and a stone bowl both bearing hotepsekhemwy and nebra s serekhs in juxtaposition citation needed other pot inscriptions and seal impressions surviving from his time only name cult related and administrative events such as the erecting of the pillars of horus under nebra the first depiction of the goddess bastet occurs the exact duration of nebra s reign is the subject of investigations reconstructions of the well known palermo stone a black basalt table presenting the yearly events of the kings from the beginning of the 1st dynasty up to king neferirkare in the shape of clearly divided charts leads to the conclusion that nebra and his predecessor king hotepsekhemwy ruled altogether for 39 years since nebra has fewer records of his rule than hotepsekhemwy nebra is thought to have ruled for a shorter time the calculations differ from 29 and 10 years to 25 and 14 years 16 17 18 according to different authors nebra ruled egypt c 2850 bc 19 from 2820 bc to 2790 bc donald b redford 2800 bc to 2785 bc jürgen von beckerath or 2765 bc to 2750 bc j málek 20 tomb edit the location of nebra s tomb is unknown the more accepted theory is that hotepsekhemwy and his son nebra shared gallery tomb a beneath the funeral passage of the fifth dynasty king unas necropolis at saqqara since some seal impressions of king nebra have been found in these galleries however egyptologists such as wolfgang helck and peter munro believe that nebra was buried in the gallery tomb b beneath the causeway of the pyramid of unas at saqqara indeed most of the artifacts bearing nebra s name were also found there 21 22 gallery edit stone bowl inscription bearing nebra and hotepsekhemwy serekhs before the goddess bastet 23 cartouche name of nebra in the abydos king list read as k3 k3w kakau cartouche no 10 references edit alan h gardiner the royal canon of turin griffith institute of oxford oxford uk 1997 isbn 0 900416 48 3 page 15 table i william gillian waddell manetho the loeb classical library volume 350 harvard university press cambridge mass 2004 reprint isbn 0 674 99385 3 page 37 41 dietrich wildung die rolle ägyptischer könige im bewusstsein ihrer nachwelt teil 1 posthume quellen über die könige der ersten vier dynastien münchener ägyptologische studien volume 17 deutscher kunstverlag münchen berlin 1969 pp 31 33 toby a h wilkinson early dynastic egypt routledge london new york 1999 isbn 0 415 18633 1 p 87 eva maria engel die siegelabrollungen von hetepsechemui und raneb aus saqqara in ernst czerny irmgard hein timelines studies in honour of manfred bietak orientalia lovaniensia analecta ola vol 149 leuven paris dudley 2006 p 28 29 fig 6 9 pierre tallet damien laisnay iry hor et narmer au sud sinaï ouadi ameyra un complément à la chronologie des expéditios minière égyptiene in bulletin de l institut français d archéologie orientale bifao vol 112 2012 p 389 398 1 2 jochem kahl ra is my lord searching for the rise of the sun god at the dawn of egyptian history harrassowitz wiesbaden 2007 isbn 3 447 05540 5 page 4 14 1 2 steven quirke ancient egyptian religions dover publishing london 1992 isbn 0 7141 0966 5 page 22 toby a h wilkinson early dynastic egypt strategy society and security routledge london u a 1999 isbn 0 415 18633 1 page 296 peter kaplony inschriften der ägyptischen frühzeit volume 3 ägyptologische abhandlungen vol 8 harrassowitz wiesbaden 1963 isbn 3 447 00052 x page 96 as obj 367 walter bryan emery ägypten geschichte und kultur der frühzeit fourier münchen 1964 page 103 274 jochem kahl ra is my lord searching for the rise of the sun god at the dawn of egyptian history harrassowitz wiesbaden 2007 isbn 3 447 05540 5 page 12 14 74 battiscombe gunn in annales du service des antiquités de l égypte suppléments volume 28 institut français d archéologie orientale kairo 1938 page 152 jürgen von beckerath handbuch der ägyptischen königsnamen deutscher kunstverlag münchen berlin 1884 isbn 3 422 00832 2 page 48 49 toby a h wilkinson early dynastic egypt strategies society and security routledge london new york 2001 isbn 0 415 26011 6 p 71 wolfgang helck in mitteilungen des deutschen archäologischen institut kairo 30 deutsches archäologisches institut orient abteilung hg de gruyter berlin 1974 issn 0342 1279 page 31 werner kaiser in zeitschrift für ägyptische sprache und altertum 86 akademie verlag berlin 1961 issn 0044 216x page 39 winfried barta in zeitschrift für ägyptische sprache und altertum 108 akademie verlag berlin 1981 issn 0044 216x page 11 m l bierbrier historical dictionary of ancient egypt m l bierbrier scarecrow press 2008 p xvii egyptian pharaohs early dynastic period dynasty 2 raneb wolfgang helck wirtschaftsgeschichte des alten ägypten im 3 und 2 jahrtausend vor chr brill leiden 1975 isbn 90 04 04269 5 page 21 32 peter munro der unas friedhof nordwest i von zabern mainz 1993 page 95 pierre lacau jan phillip lauer la pyramide a degrees iv abb 58 external links edit francesco raffaele nebra kakaw preceded by hotepsekhemwy pharaoh of egypt succeeded by nynetjer v t e second dynasty of ancient egypt attested pharaohs hotepsekhemwy nebra weneg nynetjer seth peribsen sekhemib perenmaat khasekhemwy obscure pharaoh names horus ba ba horus sa hudjefa i neferkare i neferkasokar nubnefer senedj sneferka wadjenes queens consort menka nimaathap other royals khenmetptah satkhnum sehener shepset ipet wadjitefni mesen ka nisuheqet perneb other people inykhnum nefer setekh pehen ptah monument gisr el mudir shunet el zebib capital thinis v t e pharaohs protodynastic to first intermediate period 3150 2040 bc period dynasty pharaohs male female uncertain protodynastic pre 3150 bc lower hedju hor ny hor ni neith hat hor pu hsekiu khayu tiu thesh neheb wazner mekh a double falcon wash upper a finger snail fish elephant stork taurus scorpion i crocodile iry hor ka scorpion ii narmer menes early dynastic 3150 2686 bc i narmer menes hor aha djer djet den anedjib semerkhet qa a sneferka horus bird ii hotepsekhemwy nebra nynetjer ba nubnefer horus sa weneg wadjenes senedj seth peribsen sekhemib perenmaat neferkare i neferkasokar hudjefa i khasekhemwy old kingdom 2686 2181 bc iii djoser sekhemkhet sanakht nebka khaba sedjes qahedjet huni iv sneferu khufu djedefre khafre bikheris menkaure shepseskaf thamphthis v userkaf sahure neferirkare kakai neferefre shepseskare nyuserre ini menkauhor kaiu djedkare isesi unas vi teti userkare pepi i meryre merenre nemtyemsaf i pepi ii neferkare merenre nemtyemsaf ii netjerkare siptah neferka 1 st intermediate 2181 2040 bc vii viii menkare neferkare ii neferkare neby djedkare shemai neferkare khendu merenhor neferkamin nikare neferkare tereru neferkahor neferkare pepiseneb neferkamin anu qakare ibi neferkaure neferkauhor neferirkare wadjkare khuiqer khui iytjenu ix meryibre khety neferkare vii nebkaure khety setut imhotep x meryhathor neferkare viii wahkare khety merikare middle kingdom and second intermediate period 2040 1550 bc period dynasty pharaohs male female uncertain middle kingdom 2040 1802 bc xi mentuhotep i intef i intef ii intef iii mentuhotep ii mentuhotep iii mentuhotep iv nubia segerseni qakare ini iyibkhentre xii amenemhat i senusret i amenemhat ii senusret ii senusret iii amenemhat iii amenemhat iv sobekneferu seankhibtawy seankhibra 2 nd intermediate 1802 1550 bc xiii sekhemre khutawy sobekhotep sekhemkare amenemhat senebef nerikare sekhemkare ameny qemau hotepibre iufni amenemhat vi semenkare nebnuni sehetepibre sewadjkare nedjemibre khaankhre sobekhotep renseneb hor awibre sekhemrekhutawy khabaw djedkheperew sebkay sedjefakare kay amenemhat vii wegaf khendjer imyremeshaw sehetepkare intef seth meribre sobekhotep iii neferhotep i sihathor sobekhotep iv merhotepre sobekhotep khahotepre sobekhotep vi wahibre ibiau merneferre ay merhotepre ini sankhenre sewadjtu mersekhemre ined sewadjkare hori merkawre sobekhotep mershepsesre ini ii sewahenre senebmiu merkheperre merkare sewadjare mentuhotep seheqenre sankhptahi xiv yakbim sekhaenre ya ammu nubwoserre qareh khawoserre ammu aahotepre sheshi nehesy khakherewre nebefawre sehebre merdjefare sewadjkare iii nebdjefare nebsenre sekheperenre bebnum apepi nuya wazad sheneh shenshek khamure yakareb yaqub har xv sharek semqen aperanat salitis sakir har khyan yanassi apepi khamudi xvi sekhemre sementawy djehuty sobekhotep viii neferhotep iii seankhenre mentuhotepi nebiryraw i nebiryraw ii semenre bebiankh sekhemre shedwaset dedumose i dedumose ii djedankhre montemsaf merankhre mentuhotep senusret iv seneferankhre abydos senebkay wepwawetemsaf pantjeny snaaib xvii sekhemre wahkhau rahotep nebmaatre sobekemsaf i sobekemsaf ii sekhemre wepmaat intef nubkheperre intef sekhemre heruhirmaat intef senakhtenre ahmose seqenenre tao kamose new kingdom and third intermediate period 1550 664 bc period dynasty pharaohs male female uncertain new kingdom 1550 1070 bc xviii ahmose i amenhotep i thutmose i thutmose ii hatshepsut thutmose iii amenhotep ii thutmose iv amenhotep iii akhenaten smenkhkare neferneferuaten tutankhamun ay horemheb xix ramesses i seti i ramesses ii merneptah amenmesses seti ii siptah tausret xx setnakhte ramesses iii ramesses iv ramesses v ramesses vi ramesses vii ramesses viii ramesses ix ramesses x ramesses xi ramesses xii 3 rd intermediate 1069 664 bc xxi smendes amenemnisu psusennes i amenemope osorkon the elder siamun psusennes ii high priest of amun herihor pinedjem i menkheperre xxii shoshenq i osorkon i shoshenq ii tutkheperre shoshenq maatkheperre shoshenq takelot i osorkon ii shoshenq iii shoshenq iv pami shoshenq v lines of xxii xxiii harsiese a takelot ii pedubast i iuput i shoshenq vi osorkon iii takelot iii rudamun shoshenq vii ini pharaoh iuput ii peftjauawybast nimlot of hermopolis djehutyemhat xxiii pedubast ii osorkon iv pami ii gemenefkhonsbak xxiv tefnakht bakenranef xxv piye shebitku shabaka taharqa tantamani late to roman period 664 bc 313 ad period dynasty pharaohs male female uncertain late 664 332 bc xxvi ammeris tefnakht ii nekauba necho i psamtik i necho ii psamtik ii apries amasis ii psamtik iii xxvii cambyses ii petubastis iii darius the great psammetichus iv inaros ii xerxes i artaxerxes i darius ii xxviii amyrtaeus xxix nepherites i hakor psammuthes nepherites ii muthis xxx nectanebo i teos of egypt nectanebo ii xxxi artaxerxes iii khabash arses of persia darius iii hellenistic 332 30 bc argead alexander the great philip iii of macedon alexander iv of macedon ptolemaic ptolemy i soter ptolemy ii philadelphus ptolemy iii euergetes ptolemy iv philopator ptolemy v epiphanes ptolemy vi philometor cleopatra ii ptolemy vii neos philopator ptolemy viii physcon cleopatra iii ptolemy ix soter ptolemy x alexander i berenice iii ptolemy xi alexander ii ptolemy xii auletes cleopatra v berenice iv cleopatra vi cleopatra vii ptolemy xiii theos philopator arsinoe iv ptolemy xiv philopator caesarion roman 30 bc 313 ad xxxiv augustus tiberius caligula claudius nero galba otho vitellius vespasian titus domitian nerva trajan hadrian antoninus pius lucius verus marcus aurelius commodus pertinax pescennius niger septimius severus geta caracalla macrinus diadumenian elagabalus severus alexander maximinus thrax gordian i gordian ii pupienus balbinus gordian iii philip the arab decius trebonianus gallus aemilianus valerian macrianus minor quietus lucius mussius aemilianus gallienus claudius gothicus quintillus aurelian tacitus probus carus carinus numerian diocletian maximian galerius maximinus daza dynastic genealogies 1 st 4 th 5 th 6 th 11 th 12 th 17 th 18 th 19 th 20 th 21 st 22 nd and 23 rd 24 th 25 th 26 th 27 th 30 th 31 st argead ptolemaic list of pharaohs authority control databases viaf gnd retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title nebra_ pharaoh oldid 1370758556 categories 29th century bc pharaohs 28th century bc pharaohs pharaohs of the second dynasty of egypt hidden categories articles with short description short description matches wikidata all articles with unsourced statements articles with unsourced statements from november 2021 articles with unsourced statements from march 2019 this page was last edited on 22 august 2026 at 23 10 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia 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