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treach programs for addiction treatment and infection prevention programs for injection drug users would be very beneficial public needle disposal and syringe service programs ssps or needle exchange programs neps have also proven to reduce the number of needles discarded in public areas according to the cdc these programs are effective in the prevention of hiv and they help reduce the risk of infection with hcv 49 additionally in 2004 the environmental protection agency came up with a number of program options for safe disposal including drop off collection sites syringe exchange programs mail back programs home needle destruction devices household hazardous waste collection sites residential waste special pick up programs 41 in the event that needlestick prevention programs are not put in place in a given community a 1994 study suggests an alternative for high risk areas the study proposed the implementation of a vaccination effort to give children a routine prophylaxis against hepatitis b to prevent the development of the illness in the event that a child encounters an improperly disposed needle 50 41 42 47 51 52 49 needle exchange programs edit needle exchange programs were first established in 1981 in amsterdam as a response from the injecting drug community to an influx of hepatitis b 31 spurred to urgency by the introduction of hiv aids needle syringe programs quickly became an integral component of public health across the developed world 32 33 43 these programs function by providing facilities in which people who use injecting drugs can receive sterile syringes and injection equipment 31 43 44 53 preventing the transmission of blood borne disease requires sterile syringes and injection equipment for each unique injection 44 53 which is necessarily predicated upon access and availability of these materials at no cost for those using them 43 44 needle exchange programs are an effective way of decreasing the risk associated with needlestick injuries these programs remove contaminated syringes from the street reducing the risk of inadvertent transmission of blood borne infections to the surrounding community and to law enforcement a study in hartford connecticut found that needlestick injury rates among hartford police officers decreased after the introduction of a needle exchange program six injuries in 1 007 drug related arrests for the 6 month period before vs two in 1 032 arrests for the 6 month period after 39 data almost universally confirm the value of needle exchange programs which substantially decrease the risk of hiv among injectable drug users and do not carry unintended negative consequences 31 32 33 44 54 us states that publicly fund exchange programs are associated with reduced rates of hiv transmission increased availability of sterile syringes among injecting drug users and increased provision of health and social services to users states that do not fund needle exchange programs are associated with increased rates of hiv aids 55 nevertheless the us government has explicitly prohibited federal funding for needle exchange programs since 1988 as part of the zero tolerance drug policy in that country 31 32 55 needle exchange programs have therefore been sparsely implemented in the united states 33 55 see also edit needle spiking peggy ferro pin prick attack scalpel scalpel injuries sharps waste medical glove references edit 1 2 3 4 the national surveillance system for healthcare workers nash summary report for blood and body fluid exposure 1995 2007 pdf cdc 2011 archived pdf from the original on 22 june 2017 retrieved 10 september 2017 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 tarigan lukman h cifuentes manuel quinn margaret kriebel david 1 july 2015 prevention of needle stick injuries in healthcare facilities a meta analysis infection control and hospital epidemiology 36 7 823 29 doi 10 1017 ice 2015 50 issn 1559 6834 pmid 25765502 s2cid 20953913 1 2 3 leigh jp markis ca iosif a romano ps 2015 california s nurse to patient ratio law and occupational injury international archives of occupational and environmental health 88 4 477 84 bibcode 2015iaoeh 88 477l doi 10 1007 s00420 014 0977 y pmc 6597253 pmid 25216822 1 2 3 alamgir h yu s 2008 epidemiology of occupational injury among cleaners in the healthcare sector occupational medicine 58 6 393 99 doi 10 1093 occmed kqn028 pmid 18356143 wicker s ludwig a gottschalk r rabenau hf 2008 needlestick injuries among health care workers occupational hazard or avoidable hazard wiener klinische wochenschrift 120 15 16 486 92 doi 10 1007 s00508 008 1011 8 pmc 7088025 pmid 18820853 1 2 3 4 5 phillips ek conaway m parker g perry j jagger j 2013 issues in understanding the impact of the needlestick safety and prevention act on hospital sharps injuries infection control and hospital epidemiology 34 9 935 39 doi 10 1086 671733 pmid 23917907 s2cid 25667952 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 parantainen annika verbeek jos h lavoie marie claude pahwa manisha 1 january 2011 blunt versus sharp suture needles for preventing percutaneous exposure incidents in surgical staff the cochrane database of systematic reviews 2016 11 cd009170 doi 10 1002 14651858 cd009170 pub2 issn 1469 493x pmc 7387125 pmid 22071864 1 2 office u s government accountability 17 november 2000 occupational safety selected cost and benefit implications of needlestick prevention devices for hospitals gao 01 60r united states general accounting office archived from the original on 4 march 2016 retrieved 30 october 2015 cite journal cite journal requires journal help 1 2 rachiotis g papagiannis d markas d thanasias e dounias g hadjichristodoulou c 2012 hepatitis b virus infection and waste collection prevalence risk factors and infection pathway american journal of industrial medicine 55 7 650 55 doi 10 1002 ajim 22057 pmid 22544469 1 2 3 makary ma al attar a holzmueller cg sexton jb syin d gilson mm sulkowski ms pronovost pj 2007 needlestick injuries among surgeons in training the new england journal of medicine 356 26 2693 99 doi 10 1056 nejmoa070378 pmid 17596603 1 2 elmiyeh b whitaker is james mj chahal ca galea a alshafi k july 2004 needle stick injuries in the national health service a culture of silence journal of the royal society of medicine 97 7 326 27 doi 10 1177 014107680409700705 pmc 1079524 pmid 15229257 1 2 3 needlestick and sharp object injury reports epinet multihospital sharps injury surveillance network international healthcare worker safety center archived from the original on 5 march 2016 retrieved 25 february 2016 wald j 2009 the psychological consequences of occupational blood and body fluid exposure injuries disability rehabilitation 31 23 1963 69 doi 10 1080 09638280902874147 pmid 19479544 s2cid 29903130 1 2 3 laramie ak davis lk miner c pun vc laing j demaria a march 2012 sharps injuries among hospital workers in massachusetts 2010 findings from the massachusetts sharps injury surveillance system pdf massachusetts department of public health archived pdf from the original on 8 may 2016 retrieved 23 february 2016 slater karen cooke marie fullerton fiona et al peripheral intravenous catheter needleless connector decontamination study randomized controlled trial am j infect control 2020 48 9 1013 1018 doi 10 1016 j ajic 2019 11 030 stringer bernadette haines a ted goldsmith charles h berguer ramon blythe jennifer 2009 is use of the hands free technique during surgery a safe work practice associated with safety climate american journal of infection control 37 9 766 72 doi 10 1016 j ajic 2009 02 014 pmid 19647344 1 2 3 4 mischke christina verbeek jos h saarto annika lavoie marie claude pahwa manisha ijaz sharea 1 january 2014 gloves extra gloves or special types of gloves for preventing percutaneous exposure injuries in healthcare personnel the cochrane database of systematic reviews 2014 3 cd009573 doi 10 1002 14651858 cd009573 pub2 issn 1469 493x pmc 10766138 pmid 24610769 hasak jessica m novak christine b patterson jennifer 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epidemiology and risk of seroc...