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george 2007 p 62 1 2 george 2007 p 63 george 2007 p 64 liverani 2016 pp 21 22 seymour 2006 pp 91 101 habakkuk 2 matthew poole s commentary biblehub com 2024 archived from the original on march 1 2024 retrieved september 14 2026 tenney 1985 p 383 willis 2012 p 62 1 2 3 4 5 mark 2016 leick 2009 p 348 dalley 1997 p 163 1 2 wunsch 2012 p 45 oelsner wells wunsch 2003 pp 918 920 roth 1995 pp 143 149 oelsner wells wunsch 2003 pp 961 967 andré salvini 2008 pp 222 223 andré salvini 2008 p 173 andré salvini 2008 pp 218 220 andré salvini 2008 pp 158 160 andré salvini 2008 pp 200 206 george 2007 p 60 jonker 1995 pp 167 168 sack 2004 pp 78 79 1 2 wunsch 2012 p 50 wunsch 2012 p 51 wunsch 2012 p 42 1 2 3 wunsch 2012 p 43 1 2 macginnis 2010 p 157 1 2 wunsch 2012 p 44 wunsch 2012 p 52 baker 2012 p 917 brinkman 1984 p 7 beaulieu 2003 pp 1 9 macginnis 2010 p 153 vanderhooft 1999 the neo babylonian empire and babylon in the latter prophets scholars press pp 38 39 isbn 978 0 7885 0579 9 macginnis 2010 p 154 1 2 macginnis 2010 p 156 beaulieu 2005 pp 57 58 stager 1996 pp 57 69 76 77 dugaw sean lipschits oded stiebel guy 2020 a new typology of arrowheads from the late iron age and persian period and its historical implications israel exploration journal 70 1 64 89 jstor 27100276 macginnis 2010 p 158 macginnis 2010 p 159 macginnis 2010 p 160 baker 2012 p 923 porter 1993 p 66 baker 2012 p 915 1 2 3 baker 2012 p 924 1 2 3 baker 2012 p 925 1 2 3 baker 2012 p 926 cited bibliography edit andré salvini béatrice 2008 babylone musée du louvre isbn 978 2 35031 173 9 baker heather d 2012 the neo babylonian empire in potts d t ed a companion to the archaeology of the ancient near east blackwell pp 914 930 doi 10 1002 9781444360790 ch49 isbn 978 1 4051 8988 0 beaulieu p a 1989 reign of nabonidus king of babylon 556 539 bc new haven isbn 978 0 300 24153 2 beaulieu p a 2003 nabopolassar and the antiquity of babylon eretz israel 27 beaulieu p a 2005 world hegemony 900 300 bce in snell d c ed a companion to the ancient near east oxford university press isbn 978 1 4051 6001 8 beaulieu paul alain 2018 a history of babylon 2200 bc ad 75 pondicherry wiley isbn 978 1 4051 8899 9 black jeremy green anthony 1992 gods demons and symbols of ancient mesopotamia an illustrated dictionary university of texas press isbn 978 0 292 70794 8 brinkman j a 1984 prelude to empire babylonian society and politics 747 626 b c university of pennsylvania museum of archaeology and anthropology isbn 978 0 934718 62 2 bryce trevor 2005 the kingdom of the hittites oxford university press isbn 978 0 19 928132 9 da riva rocío 2013 the inscriptions of nabopolassar amel marduk and neriglissar walter de gruyter isbn 978 1 61451 587 6 dalley stephanie 1997 statues of marduk and the date of enūma eliš altorientalische forschungen 24 1 163 171 doi 10 1524 aofo 1997 24 1 163 s2cid 162042269 dandamaev muhammad a 1989 a political history of the achaemenid empire brill isbn 978 90 04 09172 6 dandamaev muhammad a 1993 xerxes and the esagila temple in babylon bulletin of the asia institute 7 41 45 jstor 24048423 dougherty raymond philip 2008 nabonidus and belshazzar a study of the closing events of the neo babylonian empire wipf and stock publishers isbn 978 1 55635 956 9 dugaw sean lipschits oded stiebel guy 2020 a new typology of arrowheads from the late iron age and persian period and its historical implications israel exploration journal 70 1 64 89 jstor 27100276 george andrew 2007 babylonian and assyrian a history of akkadian pdf the languages of iraq 31 71 archived from the original pdf on 2025 03 18 goetze albrecht 1964 the kassites and near eastern chronology journal of cuneiform studies 18 4 97 101 doi 10 2307 1359248 jstor 1359248 s2cid 163491250 hanish shak 2008 the chaldean assyrian syriac people of iraq an ethnic identity problem digest of middle east studies 17 1 32 47 doi 10 1111 j 1949 3606 2008 tb00145 x holland tom 2007 persian fire the first world empire and the battle for the west random house digital inc isbn 978 0 307 38698 4 jonker gerdien 1995 the topography of remembrance the dead tradition and collective memory in mesopotamia brill isbn 978 90 04 10162 3 kahn dan el 2018 nebuchadnezzar and egypt an update on the egyptian monuments hebrew bible and ancient israel 7 1 65 78 doi 10 1628 hebai 2018 0005 s2cid 188600999 lange dierk 2011 origin of the yoruba and the lost tribes of israel pdf anthropos 106 2 579 595 doi 10 5771 0257 9774 2011 2 579 archived from the original pdf on 2020 01 07 retrieved 2019 12 17 dead link leick gwendolyn 2009 the babylonian world routledge isbn 978 0 415 49783 1 lipschits oded 2005 the fall and rise of jerusalem judah under babylonian rule eisenbrauns isbn 978 1 57506 095 8 elayi josette 2018 the history of phoenicia lockwood press doi 10 2307 j ctv11wjrh isbn 978 1 937040 81 9 jstor j ctv11wjrh s2cid 198105413 ephʿal israel 2003 nebuchadnezzar the warrior remarks on his military achievements israel exploration journal 53 2 178 191 jstor 27927044 liverani mario 2016 imagining babylon de gruyter isbn 978 1 61451 602 6 macginnis john 2010 mobilisation and militarisation in the neo babylonian empire studies on war in the ancient near east aoat 372 153 163 na aman nadav 1991 chronology and history in the late assyrian empire 631 619 b c zeitschrift für assyriologie 81 1 2 243 267 doi 10 1515 zava 1991 81 1 2 243 s2cid 159785150 oelsner joachim wells bruce wunsch cornelia 2003 neo babylonian period in westbrook raymond ed a history of ancient near eastern law vol 1 brill isbn 978 90 04 12995 5 porter barbara n 1993 images power and politics figurative aspects of esarhaddon s babylonian policy american philosophical society isbn 978 0 87169 208 5 radner karen 2019 last emperor or crown prince forever aššur uballiṭ ii of assyria according to archival sources state archives of assyria studies 28 135 142 roth martha t 1995 law collections from mesopotamia and asia minor scholars press isbn 978 0 7885 0104 3 sachs a j wiseman d j 1954 a babylonian king list of the hellenistic period iraq 16 2 202 212 jstor 4199591 s2cid 191599687 sack ronald herbert 1972 amēl marduk 562 560 b c a study based on cuneiform old testament greek latin and rabbinical sources alter orient und altes testament 4 sack ronald herbert 2004 images of nebuchadnezzar the emergence of a legend susquehanna university press isbn 978 1 57591 079 6 sawyer john f a j a clines david 1983 midian moab and edom the history and archaeology of late bronze and iron age jordan and north west arabia a c black isbn 978 0 567 17445 1 seymour m j 2006 the idea of babylon archaeology and representation in mesopotamia doctoral thesis university college london oclc 500097655 van der spek r j 2001 the theatre of babylon in cuneiform veenhof anniversary volume studies presented to klaas r veenhof on the occasion of his sixty fifth birthday 445 456 stager l e 1996 the fury of babylon ashkelon and the archaeology of destruction biblical archaeology review 22 1 tenney merrill 1985 new testament survey eerdmans isbn 978 0 8028 3611 3 van de mieroop marc 2005 king hammurabi of babylon a biography blackwell publishing isbn 978 1 4051 2660 1 waerzeggers caroline 2004 the babylonian revolts against xerxes and the end of archives archiv für orientforschung 50 150 173 jstor 41668621 willis roy 2012 world mythology metro books isbn 978 1 4351 4173 5 wiseman d j 1983 nebuchadnezzar and babylon british academy isbn 978 0 19 726100 2 wunsch cornelia 2012 neo babylonian entrepreneurs the invention of enterprise entrepreneurship from ancient mesopotamia to modern times princeton university press isbn 978 0 691 15452 7 zara tom 2008 a brief study of some aspects of babylonian mathematics liberty university senior honors theses 23 cited web sources edit lendering jona 2005 uruk king list livius retrieved 10 december 2019 mark joshua j 2016 the marduk prophecy world history encyclopedia retrieved 9 december 2019 mark joshua j 2018 nebuchadnezzar ii world history encyclopedia retrieved 17 december 2019 nijssen daan 2018 cyrus the great world history encyclopedia retrieved 18 december 2019 radner karen 2012 tiglath pileser iii king of assyria 744 727 bc assyrian empire builders retrieved 15 december 2019 further reading edit beaulieu paul alain 2013 arameans chaldeans and arabs in cuneiform sources from the late babylonian period arameans chaldeans and arabs in babylonia and palestine in the first millennium b c wiesbaden harrassowitz verlag pp 31 55 brinkman john a 1977 notes on arameans and chaldeans in southern babylonia in the early seventh century b c orientalia 46 2 304 325 jstor 43074768 fales frederick m 2011 moving around babylon on the aramean and chaldean presence in southern mesopotamia babylon wissenskultur in orient und okzident berlin boston walter de gruyter pp 91 112 doi 10 1515 9783110222128 91 isbn 978 3 11 022211 1 frame grant 2013 the political history and historical geography of the aramean chaldean and arab tribes in babylonia in the neo assyrian period arameans chaldeans and arabs in babylonia and palestine in the first millennium b c wiesbaden harrassowitz verlag pp 87 121 gzella holger 2015 a cultural history of aramaic from the beginnings to the advent of islam leiden boston brill isbn 978 90 04 28510 1 heller andré 2010 das babylonien der spätzeit 7 4 jh in den klassischen und keilschriftlichen quellen oikumene in german vol 7 berlin verlag antike isbn 978 3 938032 38 1 joannès francis 2004 the age of empires mesopotamia in the first millennium bc edinburgh edinburgh university press jursa michael ed 2010 aspects of the economic history of babylonia in the first millennium bc economic geography economic mentalities agriculture the use of money and the problem of economic growth münster ugarit verlag jursa michael 2023 the neo babylonian empire in radner karen moeller nadine potts daniel t ed the oxford history of the ancient near east volume v the age of persia new york oxford university press pp 291 173 cite book cs1 maint multiple names editors list link streck michael p 2014 babylonia the aramaeans in ancient syria leiden brill pp 297 318 isbn 978 90 04 22943 3 lipiński edward 2000 the aramaeans their ancient history culture religion leuven peeters publishers isbn 978 90 429 0859 8 wunsch cornelia 2013 glimpses on the lives of deportees in rural babylonia arameans chaldeans and arabs in babylonia and palestine in the first millennium b c wiesbaden harrassowitz verlag pp 247 260 zadok ran 2013 the onomastics of the chaldean aramean and arabian tribes in babylonia during the first millennium arameans chaldeans and arabs in babylonia and palestine in the first millennium b c wiesbaden harrassowitz verlag pp 261 336 isbn 978 3 447 06544 3 external links edit a leo oppenheim s letters from mesopotamia 1967 containing translations of several neo babylonian letters pp 183 195 v t e timeline of mesopotamia northwestern mesopotamia northern mesopotamia southern mesopotamia c 3500 2350 bc late chalcolithic 4 5 early jezirah 1 3 uruk period jemdet nasr period early dynastic period c 2350 2200 bc akkadian empire c 2200 2100 bc gutians c 2100 2000 bc third dynasty of ur c 2000 1800 bc mari and other amorite city states old assyrian period isin larsa and other amorite city states c 1800 1600 bc old hittite kingdom old babylonian empire southern akkadians c 1600 1400 bc mitanni hurrians karduniaš kassites c 1400 1200 bc hittite empire middle assyria c 1200 1150 bc late bronze age collapse arameans c 1150 911 bc phoenicia neo hittite city states aram damascus arameans middle babylonia chal de ans 911 729 bc neo assyrian empire 729 609 bc 626 539 bc neo babylonian empire chaldeans 539 331 bc achaemenid empire 336 301 bc macedonian empire ancient greeks and macedonians 311 129 bc seleucid empire 129 63 bc seleucid empire parthian empire 63 bc 224 ad ancient rome byzantine empire syria 224 mid 700s ad sassanid empire v t e iraq topics history chronology ubaid period hassuna culture halaf culture halaf ubaid transitional period samarra culture uruk period jemdet nasr period sumer subartu akkadian empire gutian dynasty neo sumerian empire isin larsa period first babylonian empire old assyrian period middle assyrian empire kassite dynasty of the babylonian empire simurrum culture babylonia assyria neo assyrian empire neo babylonian empire babylonian captivity fall of babylon achaemenid assyria seleucid babylonia parthian babylonia araba sassanid asorestan sassanid arbayistan 638 1958 muslim conquest of mesopotamia umayyad caliphate abbasid caliphate buyid dynasty qara qoyunlu aq qoyunlu safavids ottoman iraq incl mamluk dynasty mandate for mesopotamia mandatory iraq kingdom of iraq kings arab federation republic 1958 1968 1968 2003 2003 2011 2011 present arab socialist ba ath party iraq region national command saddam hussein iraqi kurdish conflict 1974 1975 shatt al arab clashes 1977 shia uprising in iraq 1979 1980 shia uprising in iraq weapons of mass destruction iran iraq war operation opera invasion of kuwait gulf war 1991 uprisings sanctions iraq war u s invasion iraqi insurgency u s troop withdrawal insurgency 2011 2013 war 2014 2017 fall of mosul mosul liberation insurgency 2019 2021 protests 2021 2022 iraqi political crisis geography faw peninsula upper mesopotamia lower mesopotamia borders euphrates river hamrin mountains iraqi kurdistan lakes islands mesopotamia mesopotamian marshes persian gulf places shatt al arab syrian desert tigris river umm qasr zagros mountains wildlife sinjar mountains politics administrative divisions constitution council of representatives legislative democracy elections foreign aid foreign relations government council of ministers presidency council president list vice president prime minister list human rights in pre saddam iraq in saddam hussein s iraq in post invasion iraq in isil controlled territory lgbt freedom of religion women law law enforcement military chief of the general staff political parties judiciary wars and conflicts economy banks central bank companies corruption dinar currency infrastructure foreign investment oil industry oil reserves reconstruction stock exchange telecommunications transportation airlines railways tourism society demographics iraqis languages mesopotamian arabic aramaic kurdish iraqi turkmen turkoman dialects persian minorities armenians assyrians circassians kurds mandaeans marsh arabs persians solluba iraqi turkmen turkoman jews religion secularism islam christianity mandaeism yazidis irreligion general art cinema cuisine culture literature education health media television music smoking sports squatting public holidays mesopotamian spring festival akitu mandaean new year category portal wikiproject commons v t e ancient mesopotamia geography modern upper mesopotamia lower mesopotamia mesopotamian marshes persian gulf syrian desert taurus mountains tigris euphrates river system euphrates tigris zagros mountains hamrin mountains sinjar mo...