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tionalist and religious discourses in the country a pro legionary orthodoxist orientation persists within the romanian orthodox church and there are foreign countries interested in fostering this type of phenomenon the risk of romania shifting toward extreme political manifestations of a neo legionary nature is by no means negligible as neo legionary propaganda has already found a channel of communication into the romanian parliament citation needed romania has the legal framework necessary to combat the phenomenon embodied in government emergency ordinance no 31 2002 however its inadequate implementation is attributed to a lack of prosecutors prepared to deal with all the complexities of the neo nazi phenomenon citation needed as for combating the phenomenon itself this requires broad cooperation for which both the necessary theoretical foundations and mechanisms for inter institutional cooperation must first be established between public institutions and civil society as well as among researchers the mass media social media and the public noua dreaptă new right and the everything for the country party have been described as neo legionary 2 the latter was founded in 1993 and drew support from members of the original iron guard 4 the alliance for the union of romanians has also been associated with this current although its leaders have denied any such connection 2 and so has been the united romania party by vice 5 background edit in romania the legionary movement experienced an aggressive resurgence after the 1989 romanian revolution 6 this occurred in a context in which a sober assessment of legionaryism had up to the present 2019 remained an ill defined undertaking pursued by only a handful of historians 7 over time legionary memoirs and the published pro legionary nostalgic and laudatory literature came to far outnumber works offering an objective analysis of the legionary utopia this contributed to the whitewashing of legionaryism as well as to the emergence of a growing pro legionary current that drew upon it 7 efforts to rehabilitate the interwar iron guard were made through publications books and public appearances not only by neo legionaries but also by post communist nationalist leaders 8 evolution edit revival edit they are generally regarded as neo legionary groups 8 nationalist organizations that emerged after 1989 and took the interwar legionary movement as their model 9 some of these groups even declared themselves successors to the legion of the archangel michael and promoted the principles advocated by corneliu zelea codreanu followers of the movement who were either abroad or had business interests in romania supported such groups 8 it is worth noting that the continued existence of the interwar legionary movement in exile during the cold war was an important factor both in its revival in its country of origin and in its subsequent development 10 veteran legionaries from the interwar period played a significant role in the revival of the movement after 1989 some groups and nests were named after these veterans while their eventful biographies 11 inspired young neo legionaries during the 1990s 12 the former legionaries living in exile also provided in addition to financial support an ideological and historical platform as well as an organizational apparatus directly connected to the movement s original structure former legionaries who had survived in romania likewise contributed to the revival of the movement 13 the first post communist decade edit in the first post communist decade 8 the neo legionaries organized themselves into a network of loosely interconnected groups and individuals the neo legionaries actively used symbols from the interwar period when the legionary movement was a mass movement in the struggle over authenticity continuity and definitions the term legionary continued to be used although according to cecilie endersen the term and its derivatives are now somewhat imprecise 14 in the 1990s although the neo legionary phenomenon was distinctive it remained marginal and lacked systematic interconnections among the obstacles were the absence of a power base within the communist system from which the individuals who dominated romanian politics during that decade had emerged the partially illegal character of the movement and the inability of its members to unite or cooperate these were compounded by mutual suspicions that the authorities had infiltrated the movement as well as by the lack of a vigorous and charismatic leader in this context the prospect of financial support may have encouraged cooperation 15 as a result of the conditions under which the neo legionary movement emerged its demographic profile at the end of the second millennium was characterized by a majority of members being either 20 or 80 years old the middle generations were absent having been rejected by the neo legionaries as spiritually corrupt because of their ties to communism 12 the absence of the middle generation however tended to diminish during the 2000s 16 2000s edit a large part of the neo legionary groups consider each other to be subversive and challenge each other s legitimacy and authenticity nevertheless their allegedly irreconcilable ideological differences are in fact minimal compared to the broader body of ideas associated with legionaryism 10 according to cecilie endersen although the network of neo legionary groups and figures in romania is weakly interconnected its members nevertheless adhere to a common set of symbols and objectives which is why it could be said since 2010 that a neo legionary movement already existed 10 the activism of its members had become evident since the early 2000s 16 in the early 2010s however many romanians believed that the revived legionary movement was being directed by the romanian intelligence service 17 although the neo legionary presence found legal ways through which to operate its political activity was largely confined to activities of the kind normally associated with civil society organizations 8 thus the neo legionary movement made use of its own publications including books periodicals other written works brochures posters and websites legionary texts were republished including interwar writings biographies and historical works by expatriate legionaries 14 among the interwar legionary texts some acquired canonical status including the book of the nest chief cărticica șefului de cuib and for the legionnaires pentru legionari both written by corneliu zelea codreanu 14 as well as the testament testamentul by ion i moța 10 by publishing regularly in nationalist magazines some members of the groups enjoyed gained considerable visibility in the public space there were also neo legionary groups that gained popularity particularly among young people and put forward political projects based on nationalist or even anti semitic ideas 8 already since the 2000s the movement s ideology appears to have become focused on neo fascist themes such as the expulsion of immigrants and anti homosexual and anti abortion propaganda violent demonstrations were organized associated with the promotion of a certain type of public profile linked to gay parades and stories began to emerge of neo legionaries attacking human rights activists in turn the internet revolution brought about a radical change in the way neo legionary information was disseminated making it much more readily accessible the internet also facilitated collaboration with extremists abroad and likewise encouraged their influence on romanian neo legionaryism moreover according to cecilie endresen the internet may have contributed to changing the social structure of the movement by strengthening its internal networks although some nostalgic veterans and those belonging to its mystical occult and folkloric fringes became alienated from the movement it attracted new sympathizers and became more unified drawing closer to other forms of european and north american neo fascism 18 the emergence at the national level of organized political movements sympathetic to neo legionaryism represented a sign of a transition to a higher level of organization among sympathizers of neo legionary ideas as well as an enlargement of the membership base and affiliations with such ideas 18 it is worth noting that from the 1990s until the emergence of the prison saints movement the legionary current existing in contemporary romanian society was perceived as a nostalgic form of protest without political meaning and without any prospects however the gradual normalization of the presence of fascist symbols in society developed insidiously against a backdrop of post communist mass culture conducive to far right ideologies anti semitism and xenophobia together with a weak state response moreover the legionaries appropriated through the support of their own memory entrepreneurs civil society discourses concerning communist crimes the anti communist resistance and dissidence which sought to provide a coherent account of this neglected chapter of romanian history thus contrary to the official evidence 19 which identified them as having played a minor role the legionaries claimed and continue to claim that their movement represented the principal anti communist force and that their comrades were the main victims of communism 20 2010s edit in the mid 2010s the movement to glorify the prison saints gained considerable momentum beginning to receive support from state institutions in this context entrepreneurs of legionary memory sought drawing on the fact that some of the victims had been legionaries to promote the idea that the legion was a movement of national martyrs the support extended to the prison saints movement thus became for romania s far right at the time a means of normalizing within society the messages of intolerance espoused by this political movement 20 this effort had the potential to ensure the future of organized intolerance in romania 21 2020s edit at the beginning of the 2020s it became apparent that romania was experiencing a clear trend toward normalizing the presence of groups associated with the organized intolerance characteristic of the far right the distortion of the discourse surrounding the communist past together with efforts to reclaim romanian historical memory serves both to create an image in which the legion of the archangel michael appears to be the victim of malevolent forces and to manipulate the state s policy of restoring historical memory as well as to promote the idea that the legion was a movement of martyrs historical contextualization thus tends to be undertaken in a way that omits the legionary movement s own criminal past from the formation of cultural memory 22 violence as a political strategy within romania s far right movements appears to be approached in a mixed manner with some members of the far right such as diana șoșoacă sorin lavric or george simion seemingly opting for electoral politics in contrast to the strategy employed by representatives of these movements in the 2000s according to mihai rapcea member of the the new right one argument for the desirability of this change in approach is that romanian society does not take kindly to violence and consequently other means of bringing extremist ideas into the political mainstream and society need to be tried 23 however against the backdrop of the radicalization of romanian society which has entered a legal political trajectory with the far right alliance for the union of romanians entering the romanian parliament as well as the election of several mps holding similar views there has nevertheless been an increase in the appetite for violence and physical confrontation particularly among young people aged between 17 and 25 ideologically influenced by legionary or nazi ideas either by neo legionary foundations or through influences from abroad these young people become promoters of extremism particularly through social media platforms such as telegram or instagram in this context their participation in neo legionary events is legitimized both through the issuance of protest permits and through the presence at such events of senators from the alliance for the union of romanians and others who hold similar beliefs 23 political science professor liliana popescu assessed in 2021 that there was a visible trend in romania towards promoting an aggressive form of discourse associated with the risk of shifting towards extreme political manifestations of a neo legionary nature 24 although many considered extremist manifestations in romania to be marginal according to researcher mădălin hodor however the current period has nevertheless become one in which neo legionary propaganda has found a channel of communication into parliament 25 the first round of the 2024 presidential elections was won with 22 94 by independent sovereigntist călin georgescu he had previously made several favourable statements about legionary figures including corneliu zelea codreanu 26 27 28 but subsequently rejected accusations that he was neo legionary or politically extremist 29 classification edit according to cecilie endersen the neo legionary movement is a political movement with a religious ideological structure that integrates conceptions of nationalism and mysticism into a coherent mythology characterized by particular symbolism and a set of rituals neo legionarism can be viewed as a form of religious nationalism and at the same time as an orthodox lay movement with a strong political bias the religious tradition is thus reinterpreted and comes to include dogmas rituals texts and new martyrs alongside charismatic leaders while neo legionaries tend to claim that part of the religious establishment has abandoned the right path 11 neo legionarism represents a form of fascism although many neo legionaries reject this label as a result of the communists categorization of the legionary movement as fascist 30 neo legionarism has notable points of convergence with religious fundamentalism a similarity that neo legionaries accept they express social and political grievances in religious terms and view the world as a spiritual battlefield from their point of view the society that ought to be created is one in which god s plan is to be implemented 30 fundamentalists reject the ideological implications of modernity feeling themselves to be under attack by liberal secular humanism an idealized past is used to identify their own community as pure 11 the religious fanaticism of neo legionaries is rooted in the religious fanaticism of the legionaries 31 and is based in its development on the principles and ideology of the romanian legion of the archangel michael 32 it is characterized by an exacerbated religiosity of orthodox origin which extrapolates fundamental ideas 33 such as family community faith nation and the people it thus belongs to the sphere of christian orthodox nationalism 34...