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a collection of marxist schools of thought that originated from 20th century approaches 1 2 3 to amend or extend 4 marxism and marxist theory typically by incorporating elements from other intellectual traditions such as critical theory psychoanalysis or existentialism neo marxism comes under the broader framework of the new left in a sociological sense neo marxism adds max weber s broader understanding of social inequality such as status and power to marxist philosophy as with many uses of the prefix neo some theorists and groups who are designated as neo marxists have attempted to supplement the perceived deficiencies of orthodox marxism or dialectical materialism 5 many prominent neo marxists such as herbert marcuse 6 and other members of the frankfurt school have historically been sociologists and psychologists 7 8 examples of neo marxism include analytical marxism french structural marxism political marxism critical theory cultural studies as well as some forms of feminism erik olin wright s 9 theory of contradictory class locations is an example of the syncretism found in neo marxist thought as it incorporates weberian sociology and critical criminology 10 there is some ambiguity surrounding the difference between neo marxism and post marxism 11 12 with many thinkers being considered both 13 14 prominent neo marxist journals include spectre 15 historical materialism 16 new left review rethinking marxism 17 capital class 18 salvage 19 cultural logic 20 and the seminar in contemporary marxism 21 history edit neo marxism developed as a result of social and political problems that traditional marxist theory was unable to sufficiently address the theory also argues that for african cinema to be called african it must be viewed from its culture prospective and backgrounds which is totally different from the westerners 22 following world war i some neo marxists dissented and later formed the frankfurt school the frankfurt school never identified themselves as neo marxists toward the end of the 20th century neo marxism and other marxist theories became anathema in democratic and capitalistic western cultures where the term attained negative connotations during the red scare for this reason social theorists of the same ideology since that time have tended to disassociate themselves from the term neo marxism 23 thinkers edit theodor w adorno 24 louis althusser 25 samir amin 26 michael apple 27 étienne balibar 28 walter benjamin 29 tithi bhattacharya 30 james o connor 31 g a cohen 32 robert w cox 33 guy debord 34 35 costas douzinas 36 paulo freire 37 38 39 erich fromm 40 norman geras 41 42 peter gowan 43 antonio gramsci 44 stuart hall 45 david harvey 46 max horkheimer 47 c l r james 48 fredric jameson 49 50 bob jessop 51 henri lefebvre 52 andreas malm 53 herbert marcuse 54 china miéville 55 ralph miliband 56 erik olin wright 9 leo panitch 57 adam przeworski 58 59 nicos poulantzas 60 moishe postone 61 jean paul sartre 62 nick srnicek 63 paul sweezy 64 immanuel wallerstein 65 raymond williams 66 67 68 ellen meiksins wood 1 neo marxist feminism edit some portions of marxist feminism have used the neo marxist label 69 70 this school of thought believes that the means of knowledge culture and pedagogy are part of a privileged epistemology neo marxist feminism relies heavily on critical theory and seeks to apply those theories in psychotherapy as the means of political and cultural change teresa mcdowell and rhea almeida use these theories in a therapy method called liberation based healing 70 71 72 69 neo marxian economics edit part of a series on marxian economics concepts abstract labour and concrete labour capital accumulation capitalist mode of production class process commodity constant capital critique of political economy exchange value exploitation labour power labour theory of value law of accumulation law of value means of production mode of production monopoly capitalism organic composition of capital productive forces profit prices of production primitive accumulation rate of exploitation rate of profit real prices and ideal prices relations of production reproduction reserve army of labour socially necessary labour time socialist mode of production socialization simple commodity production surplus value surplus labour surplus product use value wage labour wage slavery value form value product variable capital topics capital controversy crisis theory economic determinism immiseration thesis imperialism historical materialism okishio s theorem overaccumulation overdetermination overproduction kondratiev wave technological determinism technological unemployment temporal single system interpretation falling profit rate tendency transformation problem underconsumption value variants analytical marxism classical marxism orthodox marxism neo marxian economics works a contribution to the critique of political economy das kapital grundrisse economic and philosophical manuscripts of 1844 the accumulation of capital monopoly capital the theory of capitalist development finance capital people karl marx friedrich engels vladimir lenin rosa luxemburg rudolf hilferding leon trotsky karl kautsky ernest mandel antonie pannekoek jános kornai andrew kliman richard d wolff nikolai kondratiev paul sweezy nobuo okishio ian steedman john roemer david laibman paul a baran stephen resnick michał kalecki journals cambridge journal of economics international journal of political economy monthly review new school economic review real world economics review rethinking marxism science and society related topics evolutionary economics classical economics marxism marxist sociology neoclassical economics perspectives on capitalism political economy schools of economic thought socialist economics criticism of capitalism communism portal economics portal v t e new symbolization project a critical theory club at boise state university held the first sustained multi disciplinary academic response to the jordan peterson phenomenon in late october 2018 notable marxist economist richard d wolff and radical theologian peter rollins gave the keynotes the terms neo marxian post marxian and radical political economics were first used to refer to a distinct tradition of economic theory in the 1970s and 1980s that stems from marxian economic thought many of the leading figures were associated with the leftist monthly review school the neo marxist approach to development economics is connected with dependency and world systems theories in these cases the exploitation that classifies it as marxist is an external one rather than the normal internal exploitation of classical marxism 4 73 in industrial economics the neo marxian approach stresses the monopolistic and oligarchical rather than the competitive nature of capitalism 74 this approach is associated with michał kalecki 75 paul a baran and paul sweezy 76 74 as in the case of analytical marxism 77 such theorists as samuel bowles 78 79 david gordon john roemer herbert gintis jon elster and adam przeworski have adopted the techniques of neoclassical economics including game theory and mathematical modeling to demonstrate marxian concepts such as exploitation and class conflict 80 77 81 the neo marxian approach integrated non marxist or bourgeois economics from the post keynesians like joan robinson and the neo ricardian school of piero sraffa polish economists michał kalecki rosa luxemburg henryk grossman adam przeworski and oskar lange were influential in this school particularly in developing theories of underconsumption while most official communist parties denounced neo marxian theories as bourgeois economics some neo marxians served as advisers to socialist or third world developing governments neo marxist theories were also influential in the study of imperialism concepts edit big business can maintain selling prices at high levels while still competing to cut costs advertise and market their products however competition is generally limited with a few large capital formations sharing various markets with the exception of a few actual monopolies such as the bell system at the time the economic surpluses that result cannot be absorbed through consumers spending more the concentration of the surplus in the hands of the business elite must therefore be geared towards imperialistic and militaristic government tendencies which is the easiest and surest way to utilise surplus productive capacity exploitation focuses on low wage workers and groups at home especially minorities average earners see the pressures in drive for production destroy their human relationships leading to wider alienation and hostility the whole system is largely irrational since though individuals may make rational decisions the ultimate systemic goals are not the system continues to function so long as keynesian full employment policies are pursued but there is the continued threat to stability from less developed countries throwing off the restraints of neo colonial domination labor theory of value edit paul a baran introduced the concept of potential economic surplus to deal with novel complexities raised by the dominance of monopoly capital in particular the theoretical prediction that monopoly capitalism would be associated with low capacity utilization and hence potential surplus would typically be much larger than the realized surplus with paul sweezy baran elaborated the importance of this innovation its consistency with marx s labor concept of value and supplementary relation to marx s category of surplus value 82 according to baran s categories actual economic surplus the difference between what society s actual current output and its actual current consumption hence it is equal to current savings or accumulation potential economic surplus the difference between that output that could be produced in a given natural and technical environment with the help of employable productive resources and what might be regarded as essential consumption baran also introduced the concept of planned surplus a category that could only be operationalized in a rationally planned socialist society this was defined as the difference between society s optimum output available in a historically given natural and technological environment under conditions of planned optimal utilization of all available productive resources and some chosen optimal volume of consumption 83 baran used the surplus concept to analyze underdeveloped economies or what are now more optimistically called developing economies in his political economy of growth 83 academic journals edit spectre 15 historical materialism 16 rethinking marxism 17 capital class 18 salvage 19 cultural logic 20 seminar in contemporary marxism 84 radical philosophy 85 see also edit 21st century communist theorists analytical marxism budapest school lukács cultural marxism conspiracy theory democratic socialism marxian economics marxist cultural analysis marxist 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