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onel edward canby who headquartered at fort craig under his immediate command at the fort were five regiments of new mexico volunteer infantry 6 a company of the 2nd colorado infantry two provisional artillery units eleven companies of the 5th 7th and 10th u s infantry 7 six companies of the 2nd and 3rd u s cavalry and two regiments new mexico militia at fort union under the command of colonel gabriel paul were the 1st colorado infantry a company of the 2nd colorado infantry a battalion of the 5th u s infantry regiment a detachment from the 1st and 3rd u s cavalry a company of the 4th new mexico infantry and two provisional artillery batteries citation needed confederate edit the confederate army of new mexico was led by brigadier general henry hopkins sibley his units included the 4th texas mounted rifles and 5th texas mounted rifles both of which had batteries of mountain howitzers five companies of the 7th texas mounted rifles six companies of the 2nd texas mounted rifles with an attached artillery battery and several companies of arizona confederate mounted volunteers following his arrival in new mexico in january sibley organized his artillery into a battalion under the command of captain trevanion teel whom he promoted to major 8 five additional companies of the 7th texas arrived near the end of february and served as the garrison of fort thorn at mesilla citation needed confederate strategy edit for years residents in the southern part of the new mexico territory had been complaining that the territorial government in santa fe was too far away to properly address their concerns the withdrawal of the regular army at the beginning of the war confirmed to the residents that they were being abandoned secession conventions in mesilla and tucson voted to join the territory to the confederacy in march 1861 and formed militia companies to defend themselves 9 10 in july 1861 lieutenant colonel john baylor led a battalion of texas mounted rifles into the southern portion of the new mexico territory entering mesilla and repulsing the attack of the union garrison of fort fillmore at the first battle of mesilla the victorious baylor established the confederate territory of arizona south of the 34th parallel citation needed the 1862 campaign was a continuation of this strategy formulated by sibley in a plan presented to confederate president jefferson davis sibley s strategy called for an invasion along the eastern side of the rocky mountains seizing the colorado territory then at the height of the colorado gold rush and fort laramie the most important united states army garrison along the oregon trail before turning westward to attack mineral rich nevada and california he planned to take minimal supplies along with him intending to live off the land and to capture the stockpiles of supplies at union forts and depots along the santa fe trail once the territories had been secured sibley intended to take the northern mexican states of chihuahua sonora and lower california either through purchase or by invasion 11 march toward santa fe edit sibley s advance edit on december 20 1861 general sibley in command of the army of new mexico issued a proclamation taking possession of new mexico in the name of the confederate states 12 he called on the citizens to abandon their allegiance to the union and to join the confederacy warning that those who co operate with the enemy will be treated accordingly and must be prepared to share their fate 13 in february 1862 sibley advanced northward from fort thorn up the valley of the rio grande toward the territorial capital of santa fe and the union storehouses at fort union along the way sibley detached 54 men to occupy tucson the confederate advance followed the west bank of the river via fort craig which was garrisoned by a 3 800 man union force under canby knowing he could not leave such a large union force behind him as he advanced sibley attempted to lure the union forces out into battle on favorable terms on february 19 sibley camped at the sandhills east of the fort with the intention of cutting the union lines of communications with santa fe on february 20 the union forces advanced from the fort but were hit with heavy confederate artillery and were forced to retreat the next day the confederates marched to valverde ford six miles 9 7 km north of the fort in an attempt to outflank the union forces canby attacked but the union forces were driven back by the confederates under colonel thomas green who took command after sibley was indisposed and possibly drunk 14 canby s forces retreated to fort craig but refused to surrender since he had only enough rations for three days sibley could not attempt a siege nor retreat back to mesilla instead he chose to disengage from the fort and continued slowly northward towards santa fe on the other side of the border in new mexico territory hoping to reach the supplies located there and also to cut fort craig s lines of supplies and communications due to the loss of horses at valverde the 4th texas had to be dismounted with the remaining horses already in a weakened state distributed among the other units they also had lost much of their transportation in the battle at valverde causing them to carry the wounded all this caused the column to travel slower than it could have canby meanwhile attempted to trap sibley s army between his own force and fort union he disbanded his militia and most of the volunteer units and sent most of his mounted units northward to act as partisans and to obstruct sibley s movements if he should advance and cut off his supplies by removing from his route the cattle grain and other supplies in private hands that would aid him in sustaining his force 15 starting on february 23 the confederate forces reached albuquerque on march 2 and santa fe on march 13 but due to their slow advance they failed to capture most of the union supplies located at those cities the slow advance also allowed reinforcements from colorado under the command of colonel john slough to reach fort union then under paul s command since he had been commissioned colonel before paul was commissioned the same rank slough claimed seniority and took command of the fort canby had already ordered paul to not move from fort union to meet me until i advise you of the route and point of junction 16 after learning of the change in command canby told slough to advise me of your plans and movements that i may cooperate he also instructed slough to harass the enemy by partisan operations obstruct his movements and cut off his supplies 17 slough advanced with 1 342 men from the fort s garrison the union and confederate forces met at the battle of glorieta pass on march 28 the confederates were able to push the union force through the pass but had to retreat following the destruction of their wagon train which contained nearly all of their supplies and ammunition sibley pulled his army back to albuquerque to await reinforcements from texas slough receiving orders from canby to return immediately to fort union also retreated fearing a court martial if he disobeyed the order once he arrived at the fort he resigned his commission and returned to colorado leaving lieutenant colonel samuel tappan in command of the regiment and paul once again in command of the fort 18 sibley s retreat edit canby initially ordered the union force to retreat back to fort union but after discovering the weakness of the confederates he ordered a concentration of union forces small garrisons were left at forts craig and union and the main forces were to rendezvous near albuquerque with limited supplies and ammunition and outnumbered sibley chose to retreat to texas leaving albuquerque on april 12 after a small fight a few days earlier on april 14 canby encountered the confederates at peralta where the armies skirmished until 2 00 p m when a sandstorm permitted the confederates to withdraw to the west bank cut off from retreat down the east bank by union forces sibley s army was forced to retreat down the west bank or through the mountains to the west in search of food and water during which hundreds of confederates straggled and fell behind during the retreat looting destruction and confiscation of food and forage by the desperate confederate soldiers drove new mexican citizens to resistance along the line of march down the west bank of the rio grande after reaching mesilla the retreat continued to franklin el paso and then to san antonio at socorro new mexico a small confederate unit of four men under a lt simmons was captured by union scout captain paddy grayson and one man of the five men 1 confederate was killed trying to escape 19 a rearguard of four companies of the 7th texas mounted rifles and several companies of arizona confederates consolidated under the command of lieutenant colonel philemon herbert as the 1st arizona mounted rifles battalion was left at fort thorn commanded by colonel william steele 20 with the advance of the california column closing in from the west and general edward canby s army approaching from the north guerillas from the mesilla area rose against the 7th texas mounted rifles while the 1st arizona mounted rifles left to garrison the mesilla valley the second battle of mesilla was a skirmish fought in the desert near mesilla on july 1 1862 between confederate arizona rebels and pro union new mexican militia 21 the engagement ended with a union victory and with the threat of the more numerous union forces closing in the rebels withdrew from mesilla retreating into texas in early july aftermath edit following the confederate retreat units from the union california column under the command of colonel james carleton occupied several forts in western texas canby was promoted to brigadier general and reassigned to the eastern region he was succeeded as commander of the department by carleton who was also promoted to brigadier general men from the new mexico volunteers were formed into the 1st new mexico cavalry with kit carson in command the regiment spent the rest of the war fighting native tribes in the territory citation needed although the confederates continued to consider arizona part of the confederacy and made several plans for another invasion they were never able to put their plans into execution sibley s brigade would be called by many the arizona brigade and continued to serve in various areas in texas and louisiana during the remainder of the war sibley was eventually demoted to managing supply trains in 1863 citation needed battlefields today edit approximately 678 acres 2 74 km 2 of the glorieta pass battlefield is today protected within the pecos national historical park and the national park service allows access on the park s civil war sites only to permit holders and guided tours 22 there are numerous exposition signs and exhibits around the park and along nearby roads including interstate 25 which parallels the santa fe national historic trail through glorieta pass the valverde battlefield was commemorated by a historical marker along a nearby highway in the corridor known as the camino real de tierra adentro now a national historic trail 23 the battle of peralta loosely depicted in the good the bad and the ugly was commemorated by a state historical marker 24 at the north end of the village now surrounded by suburban development from metropolitan albuquerque the battle of albuquerque was memorialized on the city s old town plaza including plaques and cannons 25 the first and second battle of mesilla have a sign on the plaza in historic mesilla 26 which was the capital of the confederate arizona territory during the civil war but is now part of metropolitan las cruces in far southern new mexico campaign legacy edit the name of the town of albuquerque texas was inspired by campaign members return home to the area following the war see also edit attacks on the united states notes edit bell 2008 p 10 josephy 1991 p 91 whitlock 2006 p 60 frazier 1995 p 299 frazier 1995 p 300 only the 1st and 2nd regiments had the full ten companies present the 3rd regiment had eight companies the 4th had one and the 5th two companies whitlock 2006 p 100 five companies were of the 5th regiment and three each of the 7th and 10th regiments frazier 1995 p 139 frazier 1995 p 34 josephy 1991 p 40 frazier 1995 p 75 official records of the union and confederate armies series 1 vol iv p 89 frazier 1995 p 128 bell 2008 p 12 whitlock 2006 p 142 frazier 1995 p 204 whitlock 2006 p 166 whitlock 2006 pp 220 22 battles and leaders of the civil war volume ii p 106 frazier 1995 p 278 the confederate arizona campaign of 1862 col sherod hunter camp 1525 scv phoenix arizona nps pecos nhp clio valverde hmdb peralta hmdb abq retrieved 2 september 2018 hmdb mesilla retrieved 2 september 2018 references edit handbook of texas online bell kelly 2008 duels in the desert civil war in the far west strategy tactics 252 september october frazier donald s 1995 blood treasure confederate empire in the southwest college station texas texas a m university press isbn 0 89096 639 7 josephy alvin m 1991 the civil war in the american west new york alfred a knopf isbn 9780394564821 whitlock flint 2006 distant bugles distant drums the union response to the confederate invasion of new mexico boulder colorado university press of colorado isbn 978 0 87081 835 6 further reading edit american civil war portal alberts don the battle of glorieta union victory in the west texas a m university press 1996 isbn 0 89096 825 x alberts don editor rebels on the rio grande the civil war journal of a b peticolas state house press 1994 isbn 0 9636915 0 3 colton ray the civil war in the western territories arizona colorado new mexico and utah university of oklahoma press 1984 isbn 0 8061 1902 0 cottrell steve civil war in texas and new mexico territory pelican publishing company 1998 isbn 1 56554 253 3 edrington thomas the battle of glorieta pass a gettysburg in the west march 26 28 1862 university of new mexico press 1998 isbn 0 8263 1896 7 giese dale editor my life with the army in the west memoirs of james e farmer santa fe stagecoach press 1993 hall martin sibley s new mexico campaign university of new mexico press 2000 isbn 0 8263 2277 8 healey donald the road to glorieta a confederate army marches through new mexico heritage books inc 2003 isbn 0 7884 2378 9 hollister ovando james colorado volunteers in new mexico 1862 r r donnelley 1962 kerby robert lee confederate invasion of new mexico and arizona 1861 1862 westernlore publications 1980 isbn 978 0 87026 055 1 nagle p g glorieta pass a novel forge 1999 isbn 0 312 86548 1 nagle p g the guns of valverde a novel forge 2000 isbn 0 312 86549 x scott robert glory glory glorieta the gettysburg of the west johnson books 1992 isbn 1 55566 098 3 sibley henry hopkins the civil war in west texas and new mexico the lost letterbook of brigadier general henry hopkins sibley texas ...