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the (221), lake (158), and (66), nipissing (44), lakes (42), great (31), feet (30), glacial (29), beach (28), river (23), was (20), edit (19), from (18), water (17), stage (16), #outlet (16), this (15), michigan (15), wisconsin (15), basin (15), algonquin (15), bay (14), huron (14), ice (13), sea (12), north (12), present (11), beaches (11), period (10), south (9), erie (9), park (9), moraine (9), state (9), mattawa (9), through (9), with (8), that (8), clair (8), are (8), wikipedia (7), about (7), united (7), states (7), upper (7), cut (7), ontario (7), east (7), area (7), ridges (7), mya (7), geological (7), line (7), has (7), mile (7), using (6), proglacial (6), history (6), america (6), valley (6), glaciation (6), two (6), time (6), survey (6), frank (6), which (6), been (6), side (6), level (6), both (6), port (6), ottawa (6), toggle (5), page (5), last (5), body (5), portal (5), drainage (5), sheet (5), age (5), illinoian (5), had (5), shore (5), between (5), above (5), low (5), 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y of water drained eastward from georgian bay to the ottawa valley this was a period of isostatic rebound raising the outlet over time until it opened the outlet through the st clair valley at one stage it had two stable outlets north and south both draining to the east 2 origin edit the lake formed from the aggregation of glacial lakes houghton chippewa and hough and stanley as water levels increased levels returned and lake chippewa again flowed through the canyon at mackinac until around 7 500 ybp at that time the waters in the michigan basin huron basin and the superior basin created a single lake encompassing all three of the upper great lakes 2 the lowlands through the rapids of sault ste marie and across the upper peninsula of michigan were open bodies of water 2 location and area edit the term nipissing great lakes is applied to the waters of the upper three great lakes during the stage the glacier had receded completely from the great lakes basin the plural form is used to denote that each basin was a separate unit with a narrow strait connecting each each basin stood at the same elevation and thus appear as a single body of water lake michigan connected to lake huron by the mackinac strait except the water was 50 feet 15 m higher there was also a narrower shallower channel little traverse bay to huron basin the outlet of the lakes however was eastward from the northeast angle of georgian bay 3 outlets edit the north bay outlet was at north bay ontario the modern lake nipissing as the ground continued to rebound from the weight of glacier the port huron outlet began to again receive water creating a temporary two outlet lake 3 1st ottawa mattawa river edit the north bay outlet river 580 feet 180 m above sea level 4 or nipissing mattawa river 5 crossed an area of crystalline rock chiefly gneiss reaching the mattawa river which joined the ottawa river at mattawa which led out the st lawrence to the ocean 3 mattawa river is a chain of lakes some of the lakes are long narrow and deep lying in canyon like valleys 200 feet 61 m to 300 feet 91 m wide with water 100 feet 30 m to 300 feet 91 m deep the canyons are 100 feet 30 m or more high 6 a few places along this route show a scoured bed that would require a similar volume and velocity of water movement as st clair river today 3 4 2nd detroit port huron edit in the early part of this closing two outlet stage a small discharge went by way of illinois river at chicago the basin there is only 8 feet 2 4 m and the nipissing beach is 15 feet 4 6 m above the modern lake the small discharge would have ended when the outlet at port huron had cut down 3 feet 0 91 m or 4 feet 1 2 m 3 4 beaches edit the low water beaches were submerged through most of their range as the land rebounded thus the known beaches of the nipissing great lake are those formed during the period that the st clair valley served as the outlet only a few of the older beaches survive 2 lake nipissing like lake algonquin is reflected in the character of the channel in the niagara gorge a part of the gorge at the whirlpool and a small section above and below it shows a shallow excavation both sides this shallow excavation was made by a weak waterfall when the erie basin was the main watershed feeding falls near the suspension bridges a deep excavation begins which extends up to the present cataract this seems to have been created since the flow from lake nipissing turned into the st clair outlet feeding water to lake erie 2 the rate of recession the falls would require between 2 700 and 3 500 years to make the deep part of the gorge 2 since the opening of the st clair outlet there has been continuous flow in the present direction and the outlet has suffered a slight deepening which has lowered the lake level perhaps 14 feet 4 3 m the beach at 596 feet 182 m in the southern end of the huron basin seems to have been occupied by lake nipissing as well as by the late stage of lake algonquin so the lowering of the lake is from that height to the present the present beach is 582 feet 177 m to 584 feet 178 m with a mean stage of water about 580 feet 180 m 2 nipissing beach edit the name nipissing beach has from the first been applied to the shoreline formed during the two outlet stage of the lakes the name more precisely belongs to the older beach made by the nipissing great lakes when the whole discharge passed through the ottawa river 3 after the formation of the true nipissing beach isostatic rebound elevated the region this lowered the water plane on the north side of the basin and raised it on the south side thus the beach from the earlier stage of the nipissing great lakes in the south was flooded and destroyed only the area in the northeast corner of lake superior still retains remnants of this first or original nipissing beach 3 the point of elevation or the hinge line for nipissing beach is the same as the highest algonquin beach south of the line the nipissing beaches are horizontal and vary between 14 and 16 feet 4 3 and 4 9 m above the present lake level the mean being 15 feet 4 6 m 3 in the south the algonquin beach and the nipissing beach can be indistinguishable both are from 10 and 12 feet 3 0 and 3 7 m below the algonquin high beach where the algonquin divides into several ridges the nipissing beach will be one these ridges in the superior basin where any considerable width of beach deposits intervenes between the nipissing and the present shore it is likely to be occupied by rather light beach ridges set very close together with the nipissing beach as the uppermost where the algonquin is represented by several ridges the algonquin beaches are heavier and less sandy i e pebbly or gravelly than the nipissing 3 along the east side of the michigan thumb the nipissing beach has been cut away by the present lake this is most noticeable along the east side of the thumb north of port huron and on both sides of lake michigan and on the east side of lake huron 3 beach remnants edit a shallow bay between port huron and lakeport has a faint algonquin beach at its back and a stronger one a mile 2 km farther west outside of these the nipissing and lower beaches complete the filling of the old bay and bring the shore to a straight line 3 from bay city northward to saginaw where the hinge line of the algonquin and nipissing beaches crosses the west shore of saginaw bay the nipissing beaches are sandy ridges 0 5 to 1 mile 0 80 to 1 61 km from the lakeshore a mile or two north of alabaster the cliff back of the beach is 60 to 70 feet 18 to 21 m high and the bench a quarter of a mile half kilometer wide the beach is a wave cut bench that carries ridges to the mouth of tawas river through tawas and east tawas and beyond to au sable river it is a low broad ridge of sand and gravel a half a mile to a mile wide from east tawas it lies generally about a mile 1 5 km back from the shore 3 altitude edit in the michigan and huron basins the deformed portion of the nipissing beach appears as already stated to hinge on the same line as the algonquin south of the hinge line in both basins the nipissing beach has an altitude of 595 feet 181 m to 597 feet 182 m the average being about 596 feet 182 m the altitude of lake huron is taken as 581 feet 177 m 3 correlatives edit lake st clair edit during the time of the nipissing great lakes lake st clair was at low stage in fact it was almost if not wholly abandoned as a lake only a sluggish relatively small stream with locally expanded ponds or swampy parts remained 3 lake erie edit lake erie was at low stage during the time of the nipissing great lakes without the inflow from the upper lake basin both lake erie and niagara falls would lack the volume of water needed to cut the channel through the niagara limestone cap rock lake erie was a nonglacial lake in this period the third stage of nonglacial development ended the lake algonquin a fourth stage was initiated when the upper lakes entered the nipissing great lakes stage and that volume of water was diverted through the outlet at north bay ontario at this low stage lake erie was 10 feet 3 0 m to 12 feet 3 7 m lower than present lake level and which lasted throughout the time of the nipissing great lakes 3 champlain sea edit the lake algonquin period of lake development included drainage through the algonquin river to trenton lake iroquois lake frontenac and gilbert gulf which disappeared before the beginning of the nipissing great lakes 3 it is not certain but that the champlain sea had nearly disappeared and all the uplift except perhaps about 20 feet 6 1 m had been accomplished 3 a heavily developed shore line called the micmac beach extends for 200 miles 320 km below quebec along the south side of the lower st lawrence it is strong and continuous between quebec and ste anne de beaupre it is 20 feet 6 1 m above the level of the gulf of st lawrence and is horizontal wave action at this level was evidently powerful and prolonged for the sea cliff is in places 100 feet 30 m high cut in shale and the wave cut bench is unusually wide 7 3 see also edit lake agassiz lake maumee references edit university of wisconsin green bay dept of geology 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 publication 9 geological series 7 surface geology and agricultural conditions of the southern peninsula of michigan frank leverett with a chapter on climate by c f schneider michigan geological and biological survey lansing michigan 1911 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 the pleistocene of indiana and michigan history of the great lakes chapter xxii the nipissing great lakes frank b taylor monographs of the united states geological survey vol liii frank leverett and frank b taylor washington d c government printing office 1915 1 2 3 summary of surface geology of michigan fred c lane geological survey of the state of michigan 1908 pg 136 taylor f b the nipissing mattawa river the outlet of the nipissing great lakes am geologist vol 20 1897 pp 65 66 detailed information on the mattawa river and its lakes is in the report of r w ells and a e barlow goldthwait j w the 20 feet 6 1 m terrace and sea cliff of the lower st lawrence bull geol soc america vol 22 1911 pp 723 724 external links edit v t e ice ages mesoarchean pongola 2 985 to 2 837 bya paleoproterozoic huronian 2 4 to 2 1 bya cryogenian sturtian 717 to 660 mya marinoan 639 to 635 mya ediacaran gaskiers 579 88 to 579 63 mya baykonurian 547 to 540 mya paleozoic hirnantian 460 to 420 mya late paleozoic icehouse 360 to 255 mya quaternary late cenozoic paleogene neogene antarctic 34 to 2 5 mya quaternary antarctica greenland penultimate glacial period last glacial period last glacial maximum older and younger dryas 1st würm wisconsin weichselian devensian midlandian pinedale fraser merida llanquihue 2nd riss illinoian saale wolstonian santa maría 3rd 6th mindel pre illinoian elster anglian rio llico 7th 8th günz pre illinoian elbe or menapian beestonian caracol 2 5 to present related topics glacial period greenhouse and icehouse earth great oxidation event little ice age snowball earth interglacial milankovitch cycles stadial timeline of glaciation v t e continental glaciations general post glacial rebound glacial lake outburst flood time periods glacial period timeline of glaciation quaternary glaciation illinoian stage interglacial interstadial penultimate glacial period last glacial period last glacial maximum mousterian pluvial holocene glacial retreat oldest dryas older dryas pleistocene pre illinoian stage quaternary glaciation sangamonian stage wisconsin glaciation bølling allerød warming late glacial interstadial huelmo mascardi cold reversal younger dryas 8 2 kiloyear event 4 2 kiloyear event piora oscillation little ice age landforms erosional fjord glacial striae roche moutonnée tunnel valley u shaped valley glacial lake proglacial lake subglacial lake supraglacial lake ribbon lake list of prehistoric lakes depositional drumlin erratic block moraine pulju moraine rogen moraine terminal moraine till plain veiki moraine glacifluvial diluvium esker giant current ripples kame kame delta kettle hole outwash fan sandur north america greenland ice sheet canadian shield cordilleran ice sheet laurentide ice sheet lake agassiz lake chicago lake tight canada arrowhead provincial park ontario big rock glacial erratic alberta cypress hills canada saskatchewan eramosa river ontario eskers provincial park british columbia foothills erratics train alberta lion s head provincial park ontario origin of the oak ridges moraine ontario ovayok territorial park nunavut united states lake bonneville utah lake lahontan nevada lake missoula montana glacial lake wisconsin wisconsin chippewa moraine state recreation area wisconsin coteau des prairies south dakota devil s lake state park wisconsin glacial lakes state park minnesota glacial history of minnesota horicon marsh state wildlife area wisconsin ice age floods national geologic trail idaho oregon and washington ice age national scientific reserve wisconsin ice age trail wisconsin interstate state park minnesota and wisconsin kelleys island ohio teays river ohio kettle moraine state forest wisconsin mill bluff state park wisconsin oneida lake new york two creeks buried forest state natural area wisconsin withrow moraine and jameson lake drumlin field washington yosemite national park california eurasia hardangerfjord killary harbour monte rosa svalbard antarctica antarctic glaciation antarctic ice sheet east west lambert glacier ross ice shelf category v t e pleistocene proglacial lakes and related seas africa lake makgadikgadi lake ptolemy antarctica lake washburn asia lake bandung lake tengger mundafan west siberian glacial lake europe baltic sea ancylus lake baltic ice lake littorina sea mastogloia sea yoldia sea russia lake komi great britain lake eskdale lake harrison lake lapworth lake pickering north america nelson river drainage lake agassiz lake bassano lake souris proglacial lakes of minnesota james bay drainage lake ojibway tyrrell sea great lakes champlain sea lake admiralty lake algonquin multiple basins lake arkona lake chicago lake chippewa lake dana lake duluth early lake erie lake frontenac lake houghton glacial glacial lake iroquois lake lundy lake maumee lake minong nipissing great lakes multiple basins early lake ontario lake saginaw lake stanley lake tonawanda lake warren lake wayne lake whittlesey columbia river system lake allison glacial lake columbia lake lewis glacial lake missoula great basin system lake bonneville lake lahontan puget sound system glacial lake hood lake nisqually lake puyallup glacial lake russell glacial lake sammamish lake skokomish upper missouri river lake chouteau lake circle lake cut bank lake glendive lake great falls lake jordan montana lake mckenzie lake musselshell upper mississippi drainage lake kankakee kankakee outwash plain lake wisconsin ohio drainage lake monongahela lake tight teays river hudson valley lake albany lak...