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t traore yeshitela wilson williams dynamics ethnic groups of africa languages of africa religion in africa conflicts in africa related africa african and black topics afro asian afro latino anti imperialism anti western sentiment black people reparations for slavery pan africanism portal africa portal politics portal v t e part of a series on leninism schools of thought bolshevism bordigism marxism leninism nkrumaism right communism stalinism trotskyism workerism concepts anti imperialism collective leadership democratic centralism dialectical materialism dual power labor aristocracy liquidationism national liberation proletarian internationalism revolutionary defeatism revolutionary situation self determination socialist state soviet democracy vanguardism world revolution people lenin bordiga bubnov bukharin castro gramsci guevara hồ kamenev lukács mao negri nkrumah rykov sankara sokolnikov stalin trotsky zinoviev theoretical works the development of capitalism in russia 1899 what is to be done 1902 one step forward two steps back 1904 materialism and empirio criticism 1909 imperialism the highest stage of capitalism 1917 the state and revolution 1917 the proletarian revolution and the renegade kautsky 1918 left wing communism an infantile disorder 1920 the abc of communism 1920 foundations of leninism 1924 leninism introduction to the study of leninism 1925 history russian social democratic labour party 2nd congress prague conference bolsheviks rsdlp bolsheviks russian revolution february revolution october revolution history of soviet russia rsfsr collective leadership civil war red army war communism red terror national delimitation anti religious campaign new economic policy soviet union death and funeral of lenin comintern joseph stalin s rise to power related topics 26 baku commissars anti leninist left de leninization jacobinism blanquism marxism libertarian luxemburgism left communism mensheviks orthodox marxism proletkult communism portal socialism portal v t e part of a series on anti imperialism themes anti war movement decentralization decolonization localism national liberation marxist resistance movement self determination separatism sovereignty stateless nation third world ideologies anarchism anti capitalism democratic confederalism jineology georgism indigenism indigenismo islamism pan left wing nationalism libertarianism pan africanism postcolonialism feminism progressivism prometheism socialism ba athism neo communism marxism third world third worldism leninist ideologies marxism leninism fidelismo guevarism ho chi minh thought hoxhaism intercommunalism juche machelism maoism marxism leninism maoism gonzalo thought prachanda path mtw trotskyism nationalisms ainu armenian assyrian basque catalan estonian irish republicanism korean reunification kurdish okinawan palestinian palestinianism pakistani polish sahrawi taiwanese independence left ukrainian natsdems uyghur personal ideologies assadism bolivarianism chavismo camilism chiangism gaddafism gandhism kemalism katarism khomeinism lulism magonism mosaddeghism nasserism nkrumaism peronism kirchnerism sandinismo sankarism zapatismo neozapatismo history pre modern era bellum batonianum trưng sisters rebellion bar kokhba revolt reconquista zanj rebellion war of scottish independence first second lam sơn uprising pueblo revolt modern era indian rebellion of 1857 tecumseh s war boxer rebellion mexican revolution separatism in the russian civil war irish war of independence march first movement may fourth movement indonesian national revolution cuban revolution vietnam war hungarian revolution of 1956 nicaraguan revolution prague spring afghan mujahideen iranian revolution palestinian intifada first second zapatista uprising euromaidan independence movements assyrian basque catalan east turkestan faroese indian inner mongolian korean latvian pakistan puerto rico ryukyu sri lankan taiwan tibetan zanzibar prominent figures activists baader cheng hampton hasan king latuff magón marcos meinhof moore mises piker su torres restrepo x intellectuals chomsky gandhi hielscher luxemburg martí rida shin twain politicians al assad bashar al assad hafez arafat arbenz aung san barzani boutwell castro chávez chiang cleveland collins gaddafi goulart habash ho jinnah khomeini kim jae yeon kim ku lai lenin lula lumumba mamdani mao marighella moon mosaddegh mugabe nasser nehru nkrumah ngo öcalan perón piłsudski sankara sukarno tito traore tsai zana zelenskyy resistance fighters abiaka arminius che katari lópez phan rudao sandino tecumseh túpac vercingetorix villa zapata prominent organizations active a aprp axis of resistance hamas hezbollah houthis center for historical truth and justice economic freedom fighters free nations league free nations of post russia forum fsln ilps imcwp kurdistan communities union pkk pyd muslim brotherhood pan green coalition dpp plo fatah pflp polisario front progressive international progressive party south korea são paulo forum sinn féin siol nan gaidheal social movement socialist international taiwan go go yemeni socialist party zapatista army of national liberation defunct american anti imperialist league black panther party boxers communist international eta fourth international irish republican army maidan people s union muslim national guard national liberation front red army faction viet cong see also anti nationalism anationalism anti fascism anti putinism in russia authenticité decolonization of the americas fourth world left wing antiglobalism non interventionism proletarian internationalism three principles of the people anti national sentiments american british chinese prc dutch french german israeli anti zionism japanese portuguese russian soviet spanish turkish western politics portal v t e nkrumaism sometimes consciencism is an african socialist political ideology based on the thinking and writing of kwame nkrumah a pan africanist and socialist nkrumah served as prime minister of the gold coast later ghana from 1952 until 1960 and subsequently as president of ghana before being deposed by the national liberation council in 1966 1 definition edit nkrumaism is a pan african socialist theory which aims to adapt marxist leninist theory to the social context of the african continent nkrumah defined his belief system as the ideology of a new africa independent and absolutely free from imperialism organized on a continental scale founded upon the conception of one and united africa drawing its strength from modern science and technology and from the traditional african belief that the free development of each is the condition for the free development of all 2 the convention people s party cpp founded by nkrumah in 1949 writes nkrumaism simply means self reliance african is capable of managing his own affairs the values cpp stands for or the guiding principles of nkrumaism today are those which have guided it throughout its existence social justice pan africanism self determination african personality anti imperialism 3 nkrumaism is a syncretic ideology which blends different sources together while not necessarily borrowing their entire frameworks in his work nkrumah blended different sources from within africa the canon of western philosophy 4 and black intellectuals in north america and europe like marcus garvey and george padmore particularly important in founding this ideology were his study and meetings with c l r james w e b du bois and father divine 5 6 7 aside from the marxist leninist framework this blending of ideas largely only took bits and pieces of other philosophical systems and even its use of traditional african cultural concepts were often stretched to fit into the larger theory 6 8 while a major focus of the ideology was ending colonial relationships on the african continent many of the ideas were utopian diverting the scientific nature of the marxist political analysis which it claims to support 6 beliefs edit like other african political ideologies at the time the central focus of nkrumaism was on decolonization across africa the central contention of nkrumaism was that african countries united with one another needed to adopt socialist political structures which were consistent with the traditional african values of egalitarianism nkrumah rejected the idealized view of pre colonial african societies that were classless or non hierarchical but accepted that africa had a spirit of communalism and humanism while colonial structures had damaged these communal egalitarian values they had not fully supplanted them nkrumaism then argued that a return to these values through socialist political structures would both heal the disruption caused by colonial structures and allow further development of african societies 5 the pan african aspects of nkrumah s ideology were justified by a claim that all african societies had a community of economic life and that in contradiction to the neocolonial structures that replaced formal colonies only african unity would create real autonomy 9 4 in nkrumah s argument four basic pillars formed the applied aspects of this theory state ownership of the means of production a one party democracy fostering a classless economic system and pan african unity 5 while embracing much of marxist leninist philosophy and soviet political structures at the time the ideology differed in some key respects first while marxism leninism saw revolution as the only way to replace class structures with a socialist egalitarian system nkrumah saw reform as the more appropriate case for africa he argued that ghana and most of the rest of africa had never developed the class distinctions which karl marx and vladimir lenin saw in europe and thus reform could reestablish preexisting egalitarianism suited to a post colonial context 9 nkrumah wrote that from the ancestral lines of communalism the passage to socialism lies in reform because the underlying principles are the same but when this passage carries one through colonialism the reform is revolutionary since the passage from colonialism to genuine independence is an act of revolution but because of the continuity of communalism with socialism in communalistic society socialism is not a revolutionary creed but a restatement in contemporary idiom of the principles underlying communalism 10 he would change this idea after the 1966 coup seeing revolution as increasingly necessary 11 second while nkrumah believed in the materialism and economic determinism of marxism he argued that focusing on the economic system was only appropriate after achieving independence throughout africa and that the political struggle was the first order in colonial and neocolonial contexts 12 impact edit the ideology of nkrumaism formed a key part of the personality cult around nkrumah and the party building efforts of his political party the cpp this was in part achieved through nkrumah s use of democratic centralism in the cpp and government 1 his arguments were widely published and these had an impact within the gold coast colony independent ghana and other parts of africa in the 1950s and 1960s the cpp founded by nkrumah in 1949 became a vocal proponent for the teaching and application of nkrumaism when he became president in the 1960s his minister for presidential affairs tawia adamafio established study groups on nkrumaism which many civil servants joined to advance their careers 13 at the same time the cpp established ghana young pioneers groups for school age children where nkrumaism was taught 14 while the tenets were promoted through these various party efforts applying all aspects of the ideology proved to be difficult for nkrumah while president of the country 9 because of this some consider nkrumaism to be first of all a cultural phenomenon in ghana with little impact on the actual politics of the country 15 criticisms edit henry bretton argues that nkrumaism was not a coherent ideology but a vague framework supporting the cult of personality and the centralized rule of nkrumah he writes nkrumaism was a verbalization of the requirements of the personal political machine professional scribes and amateurs along with the ghanaian left were set to the task of providing the coherence and internal consistency required to give a semblance of philosophy to the chaotic assemblage of ideas and fantasies borrowed from all parts of the world and from all periods of history frequently out of context 16 in contrast yuri smertin criticized early works by nkrumah from a marxist perspective for distorting scientific socialism by combining religious and traditional elements 17 see also edit pan africanism portal african review african socialism black power garveyism lumumbism mobutism sankarism references edit 1 2 wilczynski 1981 p 394 nkrumah kwame smith 1991 p 31 convention people s party 2016 1 2 wilczynski 1981 p 240 imperialism 1 2 3 simms 2003 p 470 1 2 3 smith 1991 p 33 rahman 2007 p 73 rahman 2007 p 59 1 2 3 smith 1991 p 34 biney 2011 pp 125 126 gyan 1976 p 199 gyan 1976 p 214 omari 1972 p 85 austin 1964 p 408 rahman 2007 p 14 bretton 1964 p 87 agyeman 1988 p 374 bibliography edit agyeman opoku 1988 of friends and foes of nkrumaism the journal of modern african studies 26 2 373 376 doi 10 1017 s0022278x00010648 s2cid 251058460 austin dennis 1964 politics in ghana 1946 1960 london oxford university press biney ama 2011 the political and social thought of kwame nkrumah new york palgrave macmillan bretton henry l 1964 the rise and fall of kwame nkrumah a study of personal rule in africa new york frederick a praeger convention people s party 2016 nkrumaism cpp retrieved 3 september 2016 gyan afari 1976 the political ideas of kwame nkrumah new york african heritage studies publishers omari t peter 1972 kwame nkrumah the anatomy of an african dictatorship new york africana publishing corporation rahman ahmad a 2007 the regime change of kwame nkrumah epic heroism in africa and the diaspora new york palgrave macmillan simms rupe 2003 i am a non denominational christian and a marxist socialist a gramscian analysis of the convention people s party and kwame nkrumah s use of religion sociology of religion 64 4 463 477 doi 10 2307 3712336 jstor 3712336 smith curtis c 1991 nkrumaism as utopianism utopian studies 1 3 31 36 wilczynski jozef ed 1981 an encyclopedic dictionary of marxism socialism and communism the macmillan press doi 10 1007 978 1 349 05806 8 isbn 978 1 349 05806 8 external links edit azikiwe abayomi 16 march 2007 nkrumaism the quest for a pan african ideology pan african news wire retrieved 31 august 2016 forson prempeh 1 october 2016 what is nkrumaism ghanaweb retrieved 31 august 2016 v t e pan africanism ideology variants african nationalism african socialism afrocentrism anti imperialism anti western sentiment black nationalism garveyism nkrumaism sankarism uhuru movement zikism concepts african century black power négritude ubuntu ujamaa decolonisation united states of afric...