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ks article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikivoyage wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia northern regions of australia for the former administrative subdivision see north australia area northern australia area a map showing the extent of the area the geographic term northern australia is defined by northern australia infrastructure facility act 2016 as all of the northern territory and those parts of queensland and western australia that intersect with the tropic of capricorn including the australian indian ocean territories of christmas island and cocos keeling islands 1 2 those local government areas of western australia and queensland that lie partially in the north are included although it comprises 53 of the total area of australia northern australia has only 5 2 of the australian population 1 4 million 1 however it includes several sources of australian exports being coal from the great dividing range in queensland new south wales and the natural gas and iron ore of the pilbara region in western australia it also includes major natural tourist attractions such as uluru ayers rock the great barrier reef and the kakadu national park geography and climate edit further information climate of australia and geography of australia a billabong in the kakadu national park northern territory the monsoon climate of northern australia is hot and humid in summer a banana farm in far north queensland 2018 a crocodile in danggu gorge national park in the kimberley 2008 almost all of northern australia is a huge ancient craton that has not experienced geological upheaval since the end of the precambrian the only exception to this generalisation is the wet tropics of northern queensland where active volcanoes have been present as recently as the pleistocene the vast craton in the north and west contains a number of quite rugged mountain ranges of which the highest are the macdonnell and musgrave ranges on the southern border of the northern territory these rise to over 1 500 metres 4 900 ft but the most spectacular features are the deep gorges of rivers such as the finke most of the craton however is distinctly flat and generally low lying with an average elevation of around 400 metres 1 300 ft whilst in the lake eyre basin most of the land is not far above sea level northern australia is known for its abundance of pristine beaches 3 these beaches have seen an increase in marine debris floating in from asia 4 major settlements in the region include darwin cairns townsville mackay rockhampton gladstone and mount isa the climate of the north of australia ranges from arid köppen bwh in the south to monsoonal köppen aw in the top end and kimberley on the eastern coast however the climate is much more humid and ranges from humid sub tropical köppen cfa around brisbane and cwa further north to humid tropical köppen am and af in the wet tropics except in the western part of the pilbara and gascoyne where the heaviest rain often occurs from may to july under northwest cloudbands rainfall is heavily concentrated in the summer months from november to march for instance in burketown the months may to september are rainless in over fifty percent of years with over eighty percent of augusts having no rain 5 temperatures in summer are generally unpleasantly hot apart from the eastern coastal belt maximum temperatures elsewhere between october and april range from 30 c 86 f in the south in april to around 40 c 104 f in the inland pilbara and kimberley before the wet season breaks further north maxima are consistently around 32 c 90 f but extreme humidity makes conditions very unpleasant on the coast maxima in january range from 29 c 84 f in the south to 32 c 90 f with minima generally around 21 c 70 f in july temperatures show a wider range from 31 c 88 f in the north to around 19 c 66 f in the south where minima can be as low as 5 c 41 f in alice springs in june and july climate variability edit the above generalisations however mask the immense variability of the climate throughout the whole region with the exception of the extreme north of the northern territory rainfall variability throughout northern australia is quite markedly higher than most comparable climates in other continents 6 for example at charters towers the rainfall over the wet season can vary from less than 100 millimetres 3 9 in in 1901 1902 to over 2 000 millimetres 79 in in 1973 1974 the chief cause of this very high variability is erratic tropical cyclones which occur from december to april and in many places can deliver as much as 350 millimetres 14 in of rain over a day or two causing extremely large floods in the region s rivers for example in april 1898 a tropical cyclone gave 740 millimetres 29 in in one day at whim creek in the pilbara but for the whole of 1924 that same station recorded only 4 millimetres 0 16 in for the whole year tropical cyclones may cross the coast anywhere in northern australia but are most frequent between derby and onslow on the west side and between cooktown and rockhampton on the east inland variability of rainfall is related to the penetration of the summer monsoon with high rainfall in seasons like 1973 1974 1975 1976 and from 1998 to 2001 when the monsoon is most powerful climate change has seen increases of up to fifty percent in annual rainfall since 1967 over the western half of australia s tropics but has not seen any increase over the east the increase over the west is sometimes attributed to aerosol pollution over industrialising areas of china and india but may be related to global warming frosts are common in the southern inland during the winter but in some years such as 1998 they are much less frequent due to the recent incidence of warm pools in the indian ocean soils edit except in the lake eyre basin and adjacent areas to the east the soils of northern australia are quite remarkable in global terms for their low fertility and difficulty of working citation needed most of them consist chiefly of hard laterite developed during period of climate much more humid than even that of darwin today since there has been no mountain building in the region since the precambrian and no glaciation since the carboniferous the region s soils have generally been under continuous weathering without renewal for over 250 million years as against less than ten thousand for most soils in europe asia north america and new zealand which have been formed from recent mountain building or glacial scouring of the land this immensely long weathering time means that nutrient levels in northern australian soils are exceptionally low because practically all soluble minerals have long been weathered out the major constituents of most soils in northern australia are iron and aluminium oxides both of which are not only very insoluble but also serve to reduce the soil ph and remove phosphorus from the soil as insoluble iron and aluminium phosphates the insolubility of these metal oxides also serves under the extremely harsh conditions during the dry season in the north and generally in the south to create massive sheets which are impossible to plough citation needed in the lake eyre basin deposition from volcanic regions to the east has produce cracking clay soils of quite high fertility which are still often fairly low in phosphorus but have very good levels of potassium calcium and sulfur these soils provide the best grassland for grazing in the region the youthful volcanic wet tropics has a number of areas of fertile alluvial soils that support intensive horticulture citation needed flora and fauna edit daintree national park 2019 lee point northern territory 2019 the extreme soil poverty of most of northern australia has the effect of confining large herbivores such as the kangaroo to the better soil in the dry grasslands since they cannot digest the extreme poor fodder from the northern monsoonal regions however the frequency of fires during the desiccating dry season from may to september means that forests cannot establish themselves except in sheltered places this has created a unique type of tropical savanna environment in which fires play a crucial role in elevating the extremely low nutrient levels and aiding growth during the wet season the many large rivers of the region such as the mitchell gilbert einasleigh south and east alligator daly ord and fitzroy support populations of the saltwater and freshwater crocodiles which are by far the best known animals of the region there are also a number of species of python further south where rivers are not adequate to support crocodiles there exist a number of quite unique lizard species the wet tropics like all tropical rainforests is very rich in unique species and importantly contains some of the most primitive flowering plants in the world rangers are employed to monitor protected areas 3 reports of illegal foreign fishing boats in australian waters were increasing in 2025 3 economy edit northern australia faces major challenges to economic growth although the climate and soil poverty have defied all attempts to develop large scale agriculture in large parts of northern australia some agricultural and horticultural industries have seen strong growth for example in the wet tropics mango sugar cane and banana growing are major industries notable failures in ventures into attempting rice cultivation have occurred in both the ord river area in the kimberley region of western australia and the humpty doo rice project in the northern territory northern australia produces more than 93 of australia s mangoes 7 more than 94 of australia s bananas 8 and more than 95 of australia s sugar 9 sheep and beef cattle are also raised successfully across northern australia usually on extremely large properties northern australia accounts for 64 of australia s national beef cattle herd 10 the geological factors that make northern australia s soils so unsuited to traditional agriculture however make it extremely rich in ores of abundant insoluble lithophile metals such as aluminium iron and uranium it has the world s largest deposits of all these metals and as less reactive chalcophile metals have been depleted northern australia has become very important to the economies of mineral poor asian nations it was northern australian iron ore that fed the japanese post war economic miracle and the four tigers of south korea taiwan hong kong and singapore at 2015 northern australia accounted for over 70 of australia s known resources of iron ore lead and zinc 11 sawpit gorge western australia 2021 during the 1950s and 1960s the government of robert menzies attempted to develop farming in northern australia but pests made this impossible even when varieties of rice suited to the soils were developed today however sugar cane growing has expanded into the ord river basin without surpassing cattle and tourism as the main industries of the region proposals for development of northern australia edit proponents for the development of northern australia have been found since before federation and include alfred searcy george pearce 12 gina rinehart in northern australia and then some changes we need to make our country rich 2013 13 and through australians for northern development and economic vision 14 the previous iteration of these proposals is found in the our north our future white paper on developing northern australia published by the abbott government on 18 june 2015 15 16 built on this 2015 white paper the northern australia action plan 2024 2029 outlines the australian government s economic development plan that leverages the region s comparative advantages of natural resources strategic location environment and cultural heritage 17 see also edit australia portal eastern states of australia north west australia southern australia references edit 1 2 the northern australia action plan is now available office of northern australia australia government archived from the original on 7 june 2025 retrieved 27 june 2005 northern australia infrastructure facility act 2016 federal register of legislation australia government archived from the original on 6 may 2025 retrieved 27 june 2005 1 2 3 ellis victoria 9 february 2025 rangers use drones to survey north australia coastline for ghost nets abc news retrieved 13 february 2025 garrick matt 23 july 2022 northern australian beaches inundated by thousands of tonnes of plastic waste from asia abc news retrieved 14 february 2025 willcocks jacqui queensland s rainfall history graphs of rainfall averages 1880 1988 published 1991 by queensland department of primary industries geographical patterning of interannual rainfall variability in the tropics and near tropics new project to transform north s mango industry crcna cooperative research centre for developing northern australia crcna retrieved 9 december 2021 key facts australian banana growers 23 december 2016 retrieved 9 december 2021 sugar dawe www awe gov au retrieved 9 december 2021 northern australian beef production angus australia retrieved 9 december 2021 austrade 2015 northern australia emerging opportunities in an advanced economy pdf austrade retrieved 9 december 2021 beddie b 1988 pearce sir george foster 1870 1952 australian dictionary of biography national centre of biography australian national university isbn 978 0 522 84459 7 issn 1833 7538 oclc 70677943 retrieved 2 october 2018 rinehart georgina 19 august 2023 northern australia and then some changes we need to make our country rich melbourne victoria executive media published 2013 isbn 978 1 921345 25 8 home page australians for northern development and economic vision retrieved 1 october 2018 our north our future white paper on developing northern australia pdf australian government 2015 massola james 18 june 2015 northern australia white paper to create economic powerhouse tony abbott sydney morning herald retrieved 17 october 2015 northern australia action plan 2024 2029 office of northern australia australia government archived from the original on 13 june 2025 retrieved 27 june 2005 further reading edit richards leslie p 2007 a guide to cruising northern australia anchorages darwin to carnarvon 4th ed adventure yarns isbn 978 0 9751857 4 2 retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title northern_australia oldid 1376938738 categories northern australia regions of australia hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata use australian english from january 2017 all wikipedia articles written in australian english use dmy dates from january 2017 pages using infobox settlement with missing co...