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has since been shown to be possible 7 taxonomy edit the genus nothofagus was first formally described in 1850 by carl ludwig blume who published the description in his book museum botanicum lugduno batavum sive stirpium exoticarum novarum vel minus cognitarum ex vivis aut siccis brevis expositio et descriptio 8 9 nothofagus means false beech which blume chose to indicate that nothofagus species were different from beeches in the northern hemisphere 10 in the past they were included in the family fagaceae but genetic tests revealed them to be genetically distinct 11 and they are now included in their own family nothofagaceae 11 this taxonomy was introduced in 1962 by russian botanist and palynologist ludmila andreyevna kuprianova who used pollen traits to erect nothofagaceae 12 a study in 1999 found that the pollen exine ultrastructure of nothofagus differs from that of fagaceae genera by its thickness type of aperture and ornamentation reinforcing the placement of nothofagus in its own family 13 species list edit the following is a list of the 38 species and 4 hybrids accepted by plants of the world online as of march 2026 update 2 nothofagus aequilateralis baum bod steenis new caledonia nothofagus alessandrii espinosa central chile nothofagus alpina poepp endl oerst argentina south chile central chile south nothofagus antarctica g forst oerst argentina south chile central chile south nothofagus balansae baill steenis new caledonia nothofagus baumanniae baum bod steenis new caledonia nothofagus betuloides mirb oerst argentina south chile south nothofagus brassii steenis new guinea nothofagus carrii steenis new guinea nothofagus cliffortioides hook f oerst new zealand north new zealand south nothofagus codonandra hook f oerst new caledonia nothofagus crenata steenis new guinea nothofagus cunninghamii hook f oerst tasmania victoria nothofagus discoidea baum bod steenis new caledonia nothofagus dombeyi mirb oerst argentina south chile central chile south nothofagus flaviramea steenis new guinea nothofagus fusca hook f oerst new zealand north new zealand south nothofagus glauca phil krasser chile central nothofagus grandis steenis new guinea nothofagus gunnii hook f oerst tasmania nothofagus macrocarpa a dc f m vázquez r a rodr chile central nothofagus menziesii hook f oerst new zealand north new zealand south nothofagus moorei f muell krasser new south wales queensland nothofagus nitida phil krasser chile south nothofagus nuda steenis new guinea nothofagus obliqua mirb oerst argentina south chile central chile south nothofagus perryi steenis new guinea nothofagus pseudoresinosa steenis new guinea nothofagus pullei steenis new guinea nothofagus pumilio poepp endl krasser argentina south chile central chile south nothofagus resinosa steenis new guinea nothofagus rubra steenis new guinea nothofagus rutila ravenna chile central nothofagus solandri hook f oerst new zealand north new zealand south nothofagus starkenborghiorum steenis bismarck archipelago new guinea nothofagus stylosa steenis new guinea nothofagus truncata colenso cockayne new zealand north new zealand south nothofagus womersleyi steenis new guinea nothofagus apiculata colenso cockayne new zealand north new zealand south nothofagus blairii kirk new zealand north new zealand south nothofagus leoni espinosa chile central nothofagus solfusca allan new zealand north subgenera edit four subgenera are recognized based on morphology and dna analysis 14 subgenus fuscospora six species n alessandri n cliffortioides n fusca n gunnii n solandri and n truncata in new zealand tasmania and southern south america subgenus lophozonia seven species n alpina n cunninghamii n glauca n macrocarpa n menziesii n moorei and n obliqua in new zealand australia and southern south america subgenus nothofagus five species n antarctica n betuloides n dombeyi n nitida and n pumilio in southern south america subgenus brassospora or trisyngyne 20 accepted species n aequilateralis n balansae n baumanniae n brassii n carrii n codonandra n crenata n discoidea n flaviramea n grandis n nuda n perryi n pseudoresinosa n pullei n recurva n resinosa n rubra n starkenborghiorum n stylosa and n womersleyi in new guinea and new caledonia further reinforcing the four clade model is their reproductive isolation from each other naturally occurring and cultivated nothofagus have been recorded only between species of the same subgenus fuscopora lophozonia and the nothofagus subgenus often grow side by side with plenty of opportunities to hybridize endemic to papua new guinea and new caledonia brossospora does not occur in areas with other subgenera 15 in 2013 peter brian heenan and rob d smissen proposed splitting the genus into four turning the four recognized subgenera into the new genera fuscospora lophozonia and trisyngyne with the five south american species of subgenus nothofagus remaining in genus nothofagus 14 the two authors posited that the four clades have evolutionary equivalence with other fagales genera and that the morphological and molecular differences are pronounced enough to raise the subgenera a rank the proposed new genera are not accepted at the world checklist of selected plant families 5 16 extinct species edit the following additional species are listed as extinct 6 17 18 19 nothofagus australis argentina early oligocene early miocene nothofagus balfourensis tasmania late oligocene early miocene nothofagus beardmorensis antarctica late pliocene 20 nothofagus bulbosa tasmania early oligocene nothofagus cethanica tasmania early oligocene nothofagus cooksoniae tasmania early oligocene nothofagus crenulata argentina mid oligocene early miocene nothofagus cretacea antarctica late cretaceous nothofagus densinervosa argentina mid oligocene early miocene nothofagus elongata argentina early oligocene early miocene nothofagus glandularis tasmania mid oligocene early miocene nothofagus glaucifolia antarctica late cretaceous nothofagus lanceolata argentina late oligocene early miocene nothofagus lobata tasmania early oligocene nothofagus magelhaenica argentina early oligocene early miocene nothofagus magellanica argentina late oligocene mid miocene nothofagus maideni tasmania early oligocene mid miocene nothofagus microphylla tasmania late oligocene mid miocene nothofagus mucronata tasmania early oligocene nothofagus muelleri new south wales late eocene nothofagus novae zealandiae new zealand mid late miocene nothofagus pachyphylla tasmania early pleistocene nothofagus palustris new zealand late oligocene early miocene nothofagus peduncularis tasmania early oligocene nothofagus robusta tasmania early oligocene nothofagus serrata tasmania early oligocene nothofagus serrulata argentina mid oligocene early miocene nothofagus simplicidens argentina mid oligocene early miocene nothofagus smithtonensis tasmania early oligocene nothofagus tasmanica tasmania eocene early oligocene nothofagus ulmifolia antarctica late cretaceous nothofagus variabilis argentina oligocene nothofagus zastawniakiae antarctica late cretaceous evolutionary history edit nothofagus first appeared in antarctica during the early campanian stage 83 6 to 72 1 million years ago of the late cretaceous during the campanian nothofagus diversified and became dominant within antarctic ecosystems with the appearance of all four modern subgenera by the end of the stage nothofagus shows a progressive decline in the antarctic pollen record through the maastrichtian before substantially recovering after the cretaceous paleogene boundary 21 nothofagus persisted in antarctica deep into the cenozoic despite the increasingly inhospitable conditions with the final records from the late neogene around 15 5 million years old which were small tundra adapted prostrate shrubs similar to salix arctica arctic willow 22 nothofagus had already spread into australia and new zealand by the mid campanian 23 and first appeared in southern south america during the late campanian during the paleocene and eocene their distribution in south america was mostly restricted to southern patagonia before reaching a peak abundance during the miocene their distribution contracted westwards during the late miocene due to the aridification of patagonia 24 although the genus now mostly occurs in cool isolated high altitude environments at temperate and tropical latitudes the fossil record shows that it survived in climates that appear to be much warmer than those that nothofagus now occupies 25 the nothofagus plant genus illustrates the distribution on fragments of the old supercontinent gondwana australia new guinea new zealand new caledonia argentina and chile distribution edit the pattern of distribution around the southern pacific rim suggests the dissemination of the genus dates to the time when antarctica australia and south america were connected in a common land mass or supercontinent referred to as gondwana 26 more recent studies suggest that the antarctic land bridge likely played a major role in the dispersal of the genus between these continents 27 however genetic evidence using molecular dating methods has been used to argue that the species in new zealand and new caledonia evolved from species that arrived in these landmasses by dispersal across oceans 28 uncertainty exists in molecular dates and controversy rages as to whether the distribution of nothofagus derives from the break up of gondwana i e vicariance or if long distance dispersal has occurred across oceans in south america the northern limit of the genus can be construed as la campana national park and the vizcachas mountains in the central part of chile 29 ecology edit southern beech trees in new zealand beech forests in southern chile are tinged orange in this image acquired by the oli operational land imager on landsat 9 on april 12 2026 nothofagus species are used as food plants by the larvae of hepialid moths of the genus aenetus including a eximia and a virescens zelopsis nothofagi is a leaf hopper endemic to new zealand which is found on nothofagus cyttaria is genus of ascomycete fungi found on or associated with nothofagus in australia and south america misodendrum are specialist parasitic plants found on various species of nothofagus in south america 30 additionally the beetle brachysternus prasinus has been known to live in nothofagus in chile and in parts of argentina the geographic range of b prasinus is highly dependent on the availability and distribution of nothofagus on which b prasinus is believed to feed b prasinus have been observed in the nothofagus forests near the cities of coquimbo and llanquihue in chile as well as the areas of neuquén and chubut in western argentina 31 the species of subgenus brassospora are evergreen and distributed in the tropics of new guinea new britain and new caledonia in new guinea and new britain nothofagus is characteristic of lower montane rain forests between 1 000 and 2 500 metres 3 300 and 8 200 ft elevation occurring infrequently at elevations as low as 600 m 2 000 ft and in upper montane forests between 2 500 and 3 150 m 8 200 and 10 330 ft elevation nothofagus is most commonly found above the castanopsis lithocarpus zone in the lower montane forests and below the conifer dominated upper montane forests nothofagus grows in mixed stands with trees of other species or in pure stands particularly on ridge crests and upper slopes the central range has the greatest diversity of species with fewer species distributed among the mountains of western and northern new guinea new britain and goodenough and normanby islands 30 the new caledonian species are endemic to the main island grand terre most commonly on soils derived from ultramafic rocks between 150 and 1 350 m 490 and 4 430 ft elevation they occur in isolated stands forming a low or stunted and irregular and fairly open canopy the conifers agathis and araucaria are sometimes present as emergents rising 10 to 20 m 33 to 66 ft above the nothofagus canopy 30 beech mast edit further information stoat in new zealand every four to six years or so nothofagus produces a heavier crop of seeds and is known as the beech mast in new zealand the beech mast causes an increase in the population of introduced mammals such as mice rats and stoats when the rodent population collapses the stoats begin to prey on native bird species many of which are threatened with extinction 32 southernmost tree on earth edit the southernmost tree in the world is reportedly an n betuloides living in a stand on the windswept island of isla hornos at the southern edge of the tierra del fuego archipelago it is believed to be 41 33 references edit angiosperm phylogeny group 2009 an update of the angiosperm phylogeny group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants apg iii botanical journal of the linnean society 161 2 105 121 doi 10 1111 j 1095 8339 2009 00996 x hdl 10654 18083 1 2 nothofagus blume plants of the world online board of trustees of the royal botanic gardens kew 2026 retrieved 5 march 2026 christenhusz m j m byng j w 2016 the number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase phytotaxa 261 3 201 217 bibcode 2016phytx 261 201c doi 10 11646 phytotaxa 261 3 1 veblen thomas hill robert read jennifer 1996 ecology and biogeography of nothofagus forests new haven ct yale university press isbn 978 0 300 06423 0 1 2 kew world checklist of selected plant families 1 2 hill robert 2001 biogeography evolution and palaeoecology of nothofagus nothofagaceae the contribution of the fossil record australian journal of botany 49 3 321 bibcode 2001aujb 49 321h doi 10 1071 bt00026 abstracts on global climate change cgi cse unsw edu au archived from the original on 2008 01 07 nothofagus australian plant census retrieved 21 april 2020 blume carl ludwig 1850 museum botanicum lugduno batavum sive stirpium exoticarum novarum vel minus cognitarum ex vivis aut siccis brevis expositio et descriptio pp 306 307 retrieved 22 april 2020 ryan john charles 2021 07 25 solitary in your rainy kingdom postcolonial poetic narratives of the southern beech revista interdisciplinar de literatura e ecocrítica 7 1 5 28 1 2 manos paul 1997 phylogenetic analyses of higher hamamelididae based on plastid sequence data american journal of botany 84 10 1407 1419 doi 10 2307 2446139 jstor 2446139 pmid 21708548 steed mundin olivia december 2024 the southern beeches an introduction to the genus nothofagus blume curtis s botanical magazine 41 4 439 456 doi 10 1111 curt 12603 issn 1355 4905 zheng z h et al 1999 a comparative study on pollen exine ultrastructure of nothofagus and the other genera of fagaceae journal of systematics and evolution 3 253 258 1 2 heenan p b smissen r d 2013 revised circumscription of nothofagus and recognition of the segregate genera fuscospora lophozonia and trisyngyne nothofagaceae phytotaxa 146 1 1 31 bibcode 2013phytx 146 1h doi 10 11646 phytotaxa 146 1 1 heenan peter b smissen rob d 2013 11 12 revised c...