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nuclear reactor core wikipedia jump to content main menu main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 water moderated reactors 2 graphite moderated reactors 3 experimental and developmental reactors 4 thermal limits 5 see also 6 references toggle the table of contents nuclear reactor core 19 languages العربية azərbaycanca català čeština deutsch ελληνικά فارسی עברית bahasa indonesia italiano 한국어 polski پښتو русский simple english தமிழ் українська tiếng việt 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia part of a reactor containing the fuel this article needs more citations please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed find sources nuclear reactor core news newspapers books scholar jstor april 2025 learn how and when to remove this message example of the core of a nuclear power plant a vver design a nuclear reactor core is the portion of a nuclear reactor containing the nuclear fuel components where the nuclear reactions take place and the heat is generated 1 typically the fuel will be low enriched uranium contained in thousands of individual fuel pins the core also contains structural components the means to both moderate the neutrons and control the reaction and the means to transfer the heat from the fuel to where it is required outside the core water moderated reactors edit inside the core of a typical pressurized water reactor or boiling water reactor are fuel rods with a diameter of a large gel type ink pen each about 4 m long which are grouped by the hundreds or occasionally the thousands in bundles called fuel assemblies inside each fuel rod pellets of uranium or more commonly uranium oxide are stacked end to end also inside the core are control rods filled with pellets of substances like boron or hafnium or cadmium that readily capture neutrons when the control rods are lowered into the core they absorb neutrons which thus cannot take part in the chain reaction conversely when the control rods are lifted out of the way more neutrons strike the fissile uranium 235 u 235 or plutonium 239 pu 239 nuclei in nearby fuel rods and the chain reaction intensifies the core shroud also located inside of the reactor directs the water flow to cool the nuclear reactions inside of the core the heat of the fission reaction is removed by the water which also acts to moderate the neutron reactions graphite moderated reactors edit graphite molten salt reactor experiment core there are also graphite moderated reactors in use one type uses solid nuclear graphite for the neutron moderator and ordinary water for the coolant one such example is the soviet made rbmk nuclear power reactor this was the type of reactor involved in the chernobyl disaster in the advanced gas cooled reactor a british design the core is made of a graphite neutron moderator where the fuel assemblies are located carbon dioxide gas acts as a coolant and it circulates through the core removing heat there have also been several experimental reactors that use graphite for moderation such as the pebble bed reactor concepts and the molten salt reactor experiment experimental and developmental reactors edit several merely experimental or hypothetical nuclear reactor cores are mentioned below there have been developmental graphite moderated nuclear power reactors that were cooled by helium gas these are no longer in service the core of a molten salt reactor is a block of graphite through which holes are bored in which molten salt circulates the graphite serves as a neutron moderator it is the solid structure of the reactor the molten salt that circulates in the channels is both the fuel and the coolant it contains the fissionable material needed to sustain the chain reaction a set of compact nuclear reactors were developed by the united states under the systems nuclear auxiliary power program snap one snap reactor the snap 10a was launched into space and was successfully operated for 43 days in 1965 aqueous homogeneous reactors cores employ water in which soluble nuclear salts usually uranyl sulfate or uranyl nitrate have been dissolved as the water serves as the solvent for the uranium salts it serves as the fuel as it is water it serves to cool the reactor as well hence the name homogeneous as coolant and fuel are one homogeneous substance the water can be either heavy water or ordinary light water in a gaseous fission reactor the reaction takes place in a core which is bounded and created by magnetic field the fuel is supplied and fission occurs in the gas phase thermal limits edit this section is an excerpt from thermal limits nuclear edit thermal limits are among the most important constraints in nuclear reactor core operations they are derived within the calculations of fuel reload cycles to define the maximum power output a reactor core can sustain while maintaining the integrity of its fuel and ensuring stable operation these limits are calculated from the interactions between heat neutron flux and component material properties within the core if exceeded they can lead to overheating fuel damage and operational disruptions that compromise the plant s license to operate 2 3 4 see also edit nuclear technology portal nuclear meltdown lists of nuclear disasters and radioactive incidents nuclear power nuclear reactor technology references edit nuclear reactor thermal intermediate fast britannica www britannica com retrieved 2023 07 19 determination of core thermal safety limits for the etrr 2 heat generation general electric systems technology manual chapter 1 8 thermal limits nuclear reactor analysis john wiley sons canada ltd retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title nuclear_reactor_core oldid 1338632308 categories nuclear power plant components nuclear technology hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata articles needing additional references from april 2025 all articles needing additional references articles with excerpts this page was last edited on 16 february 2026 at 08 47 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation inc a non profit organization privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers contact wikipedia legal safety contacts code of conduct developers statistics cookie statement mobile view search search toggle the table of contents nuclear reactor core 19 languages add topic