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ification 21 os 2200 first obtained a successful b1 evaluation in september 1989 that evaluation was maintained until 1994 after that point os 2200 developers continued to follow development and documentation practices required by the b1 evaluation central to a b1 system are the concepts of users and objects 22 23 users have identities clearance levels compartments and privileges objects require certain combinations of those for various types of access objects in os 2200 consist of files protected subsystems devices and tape reels the security profile of a user session includes the user identity clearance level 0 63 compartment set and set of allowed privileges os 2200 implements both mandatory access control mac and discretionary access control dac based on the bell la padula model for confidentiality no read up no write down and the biba integrity model no read down no write up for a run to read or execute a file the run s executing clearance level must be greater than or equal to the clearance level of the file and the file s clearance level must be 0 or within the clearance level range of the run in addition the run s executing compartment set must contain the file s compartment set because os 2200 combines the bell la padula and biba model requirements a run s executing clearance level and compartment set must exactly match those of a file to permit writing to the file or deleting it dac associates an access control list with an object the list identifies users and user groups that have access and defines the type of access that user or group is allowed read write execute or delete because the full set of b1 controls is too restrictive for most environments system administrators can configure servers by choosing which controls to apply a set of security levels from fundamental security through security level 3 serves as a starting point security officer edit every os 2200 system has one user designated as the security officer on systems configured with fundamental security only the security officer is allowed to perform certain tasks on systems configured with higher levels of security other trusted users may be allowed to perform some of these tasks os 2200 provides a fine grained security mechanism based on the principle of least privilege this principle demands that only the minimum privilege be granted necessary to perform the task required thus os 2200 has no concept of a super user role that can be assumed by any user rather it uses a large set of specific privileges which may be granted separately to each user each privilege is associated with a specific authority file security edit on systems configured with security level 1 or higher levels the user who creates an object is the object s owner the default is that the object is private to the creating user but it may also be public or controlled by an access control list the owner or the security officer may create an access control list for that object on system configured with fundamental security files do not have owners instead they are created private to an account or project or they are public access to them can be controlled by read and write keys authentication edit when users log on to the system they identify themselves and optionally select the clearance level and compartment set they will use for this session os 2200 offers a flexible authentication system multiple authentication mechanisms are supported concurrently client or third party written authentication software may also be used standard authentication capabilities include user id and password maintained in an encrypted file by os 2200 authentication performed by an external system such as microsoft windows using its user id and password mechanism ntlm kerberos ldap the last two permit the use of biometrics smart cards and any other authentication mechanism supported by those technologies encryption edit os 2200 provides encryption for data at rest through cipher api a software subsystem that encrypts and decrypts caller data 24 cipher api also supports the use of a hardware accelerator card for bulk data encryption for cmos based dorado servers cpcomm provides ssl tls encryption for data in transit for intel based dorado servers ssl and tls are provided by openssl which is included in the dorado firmware all dorado servers support tls levels 1 0 through 1 2 as well as sslv3 but ssl is disabled by default because of vulnerabilities in the protocol both cpcomm and cipher api use the encryption services of cryptolib a fips certified software encryption module the aes and triple des algorithms are among the algorithms implemented in cryptolib os 2200 also supports encrypting tape drives which provide encryption for archive data edm edit sightline enterprise data manager edm operates alongside the sightline software suite as a core element of os 2200 processing built as a j2ee application edm consists of two primary components the data collector service dcs and a web based user interface together these components deliver centralized oversight and management of data collection and maintenance agent configuration alert handling reporting and a browser accessible interface for users 25 26 clustering edit os 2200 systems may be clustered to achieve greater performance and availability than a single system up to 4 systems may be combined into a cluster sharing databases and files via shared disks a hardware device the xpc l provides coordination among the systems by providing a high speed lock manager for database and file access 27 a clustered environment allows each system to have its own local files databases and application groups along with shared files and one or more shared application groups local files and databases are accessed only by a single system shared files and databases must be on disks that are simultaneously accessible from all systems in the cluster the xpc l provides a communication path among the systems for coordination of actions it also provides a very fast lock engine connection to the xpc l is via a special i o processor that operates with extremely low latencies the lock manager in the xpc l provides all the functions required for both file and database locks this includes deadlock detection and the ability to free up locks of failed applications the xpc l is implemented with two physical servers to create a fully redundant configuration maintenance including loading new versions of the xpc l firmware may be performed on one of the servers while the other continues to run failures including physical damage to one server do not stop the cluster as all information is kept in both servers operations and administration edit operations edit os 2200 operations is built around active operators and one or more consoles each console is a terminal window part of which is reserved for a fixed display that is frequently updated with summary information about activity in the system 28 the rest of the console is used as a scrolling display of events when a message is issued that requires an operator response it is given a number from 0 to 9 and remains on the display until it is answered tape mount messages do scroll with other messages but will be repeated every two minutes until the tape is mounted operations sentinel is used for all os 2200 operations 29 os 2200 consoles are simply windows within an operations sentinel display there may be as many display pcs as desired remote operation is typical operations sentinel supports any number of clearpath windows linux and unix systems an auto action message database is released with the product 30 this database allows operations sentinel to recognize messages scripts may be written to automatically respond to messages that require a response hide unwanted messages translate them to other languages create events etc full dark room operation is used by some clients at most they will have operations sentinel displays at remote locations monitoring the system and creating alerts when certain events occur administration edit administration of os 2200 systems is performed using a wide variety of tools each specialized to a particular area of the system for example there is a tool used for administering the transaction environment that allows new transaction programs to be installed specifies all the necessary information about them changes the queuing structure priorities and concurrency levels and so on 31 other tools are specific to the security officer and allow creation of users changing allowed privileges changing system security settings etc 22 32 23 most of the tools have a graphical interface although some do not all provide a batch stored file interface where all actions are specified in the control stream this allows scripting any and all of the administrative interfaces from either local sites maybe based on time of day or other events or from remote sites unique privileges are required for each administrative area application groups edit application groups are a logical construct consisting of an instance of the universal data system uds 33 an instance of the message queue subsystem and some set of transactions each application group has its own audit trail os 2200 supports a maximum of 16 application groups in a system the notion of application group corresponds to what is often called an application that is a set of programs and data that represent some larger unit of connected processing for example an application group might represent an airline system another application group might represent the corporate finance system or application groups might represent instances of the same application and data models as in bank branches the important thing is that each application group has its own environment sessions recovery etc application groups may be started stopped and recovered independently application groups do not have their own accounting and scheduling rules transactions in multiple application groups may share the same priorities and have interleaved priorities this permits the site to control the relative priorities of transactions across the entire system see also edit unisys 2200 series system architecture for information about the hardware architecture unisys os 2200 programming languages for information about the os 2200 compilers and linkers unisys os 2200 databases for information about the os 2200 databases and database manager unisys os 2200 communications for information about os 2200 communications unisys os 2200 distributed processing for information about os 2200 distributed processing other locations of source material edit the unisys history newsletter contains articles about unisys history and computers in addition to all of the unisys history newsletters there are links to other sites most of the historical archives of unisys are at the charles babbage institute at the university of minnesota and at the hagley museum and library in delaware the charles babbage institute holds the archives from era some early remington rand archives from saint paul mn and the burroughs archives the hagley museum and library holds the bulk of the sperry archives a very helpful introductory article about os 2200 in the 2020s at arcane sciences references edit the mainframe six gray george t smith ronald q 2001 sperry rand s transistor computers ieee annals of the history of computing 20 3 ieee computer society 16 26 doi 10 1109 85 707571 gray george t smith ronald q 2007 against the current the sperry burroughs merger and the unisys struggle to survive 1980 2001 ieee annals of the history of computing 29 2 ieee computer society 3 17 bibcode 2007iahc 29b 3g doi 10 1109 mahc 2007 16 simon sharwood 31 march 2016 free x86 mainframes for all virtual x86 mainframes that is the register retrieved 31 march 2016 petschauer richard j 1990 history and evolution of 1100 2200 mainframe technology pdf use conference bladensburg md use user group gray george t smith ronald q 2001 sperry rand s third generation computers 1964 1980 ieee annals of the history of computing 23 1 ieee computer society 3 16 bibcode 2001iahc 23a 3g doi 10 1109 85 910845 gray george t smith ronald q 2008 unisys computers an introductory history new jersey lulu isbn 978 1 61539 223 0 clearpath enterprise servers communications platform configuration and operations guide unisys publication 7844 8438 pdf roseville mn unisys corporation 2015 system interface for legacy application systems silas configuration and operations guide unisys publication 7851 5475 pdf roseville mn unisys corporation 2013 clearpath enterprise servers communications platform for open systems configuration and operations guide unisys publication 3850 8032 pdf roseville mn unisys corporation 2015 1 2 executive control language ecl and furpur reference manual unisys publication 7830 7949 pdf roseville mn unisys corporation 2014 symbolic stream generator ssg programming reference manual unisys publication 7830 7881 pdf roseville mn unisys corporation 2014 os 2200 transaction processing administration and operations reference manual unisys publication 7830 7881 pdf roseville mn unisys corporation 2014 os 2200 exec system software administration reference manual unisys publication 7831 0323 pdf roseville mn unisys corporation 2014 clearpath os 2200 metering technology unisys white paper publication 1749 roseville mn unisys corporation 2014 data structures programming reference manual unisys publication 7833 3481 pdf roseville mn unisys corporation 2014 file administration system fas operations guide unisys publication 7830 7972 pdf roseville mn unisys corporation 2014 transaction processing conceptual overview unisys publication 7830 9960 pdf roseville mn unisys corporation 2012 cifs for clearpath os 2200 user programmer and administrator reference manual unisys publication 7859 6137 pdf roseville mn unisys corporation 2014 linking system programming reference manual unisys publication 7830 7551 pdf roseville mn unisys corporation 2014 department of defense trusted computer system evaluation criteria nsi 5200 28 std national security institute 1985 archived from the original on 2009 06 25 retrieved 2009 07 24 1 2 security administration for clearpath os 2200 help unisys publication 7862 1760 roseville mn unisys corporation 2014 1 2 clearpath os 2200 apex help unisys publication 8207 4154 pdf roseville mn unisys corporation 2015 cipher application programming interface api programming reference manual 3826 6110 pdf unisys public support sightline enterprise data manager edm unisys july 2020 unisys clearpath os2200 software product catalog pdf unisys july 2020 integrated recovery ref and admin guide for multihost environments unisys publication 7831 0919 pdf roseville mn unisys corporation 2014 exec system software operations reference manual unisys publication 7831 0281 pdf roseville mn unisys corporation 2014 operations sentinel administration and configuration guide unisys publication 78...