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ut wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 cannabis issues related to public and private employers 2 state response to cannabis 3 cannabis related to ada issues 4 wrongful termination for cannabis 5 workers compensation benefits 6 unemployment benefits 7 drug testing in the workplace 8 challenges for healthcare providers 9 measuring impairment for workers 10 external links 11 references toggle the table of contents occupational health concerns of cannabis use add languages add links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia overview of occupational health concerns over the use of cannabis among workers part of a series on cannabis botany autoflowering cannabis genus cannabis species cannabis sativa cannabis indica cannabis ruderalis strains acapulco gold charlotte s web kush malawi gold sour diesel chemistry phytocannabinoids main thc dronabinol inn cbd minor delta 3 thc delta 4 thc delta 7 thc delta 8 thc delta 10 thc delta 11 thc thcb thch thcp cbdh cbdp semi synthetic cannabinoids thc o acetate synthetic cannabinoids am am 2201 cp cp 55940 nabilone dimethylheptylpyran hu hu 210 hu 331 jwh jwh 018 jwh 073 jwh 133 levonantradol mdmb chmica sr144528 win 55 212 2 pharmacology cannabinoid receptors cannabinoid receptor 1 cannabinoid receptor 2 endocannabinoids activate cannabinoid receptors 2 ag anandamide nada virodhamine consumption cannabis drug drinks edibles smoking tea conversion of cbd to thc vaping adult lifetime cannabis use by country annual cannabis use by country bhang blunt charas flower essential oil hashish oil hemp beer milk oil protein hempcrete joint kief roach synthetic cannabis tincture culture arts 420 chan books magu deity names religion judaism latter day saints sikhism smoke in spiritual use sports stoner film stoner rock terms economics coffeeshop cultivation dispensary employment grow house grow shop head shop restaurants social club vending machine effects dependence driving drug testing effects of legalized cannabis gateway drug theory long term effects medicine memory pregnancy psychosis time perception law cannabis rights cannabis and international law centenary of cannabis prohibition un 2020 descheduling single convention on adult use timeline of cannabis law cannabis by country canada by province or territory cannabis act legal history malta spain south africa thailand netherlands portugal cannabis in the united states legality legal history medical non medical rescheduling timeline amnesty bin structural scheduling of synthetic cannabinoids related drug culture drug liberalization illegal drug trade psychedelia cannabis portal medicine portal agriculture portal v t e occupational health concerns over the use of cannabis among workers are becoming increasingly important as cannabis becomes legal in more areas of the us 1 2 of note employers have concerns of workers either coming to work acutely impaired or recent use of cannabis still being detected in the body employment issues such as ada law as it relates to accommodations for cannabis paying unemployment benefits or paying out workers compensation benefits and disability claims are all important issues while federal law still prohibits use employers in different states have taken different stances based on whether they are federal contractors perform safety sensitive work or whether the cannabis use is acutely impairing the employee cannabis is currently the most commonly used illicit drug in the world and one of the earliest plants cultivated by humans early evidence of cannabis use in medicine has been found in china and india for religious and medicinal uses archaeological research shows early civilization cultivation of hemp in india to create a variety of products from ropes textiles and paper in countries such as nepal and china cannabis seeds are still used today both as a pharmaceutical as well as a food enhancer 3 lack of concentration impaired learning and memory alterations in thought formation expression and sedation have been associated with cannabis use physiological signs include tachycardia dilated pupils with injected conjunctiva dry mouth and increased appetite studies have also confirmed that impairment is related on a dose response relationship as cannabis use increases and more states legalize use in the us there are concerns surrounding the use of cannabis and its effects on job performance and safety there are also concerns that the concentration of thc have increased over the past 50 years thereby increasing the effects of the drug 4 the controlled substances act of 1970 currently lists cannabis as a schedule 1 drug deeming it to be a substance with high risk of dependence abuse and no supervised medical uses the cato institute estimates that legalizing drugs would save 41 billion per year along with 46 7 billion in revenue if taxed at the same rates as alcohol and tobacco 5 employers and employees have faced new challenges in the workplace with the increasing legislation of cannabis state law can have provisions for an employer to refuse to hire based on marijuana use under the concern of safety productivity and company reputation companies that have safety sensitive work or include operating machinery or large vehicles are also free to institute a zero tolerance policy for its employees for the approximate 10 million cdl commercial drivers licenses drivers in the usa federal law requires they pass employer drug tests under the omnibus transportation employee safety act of 1991 individual states in response to the federal government differed in how they dealt with cannabis california was the first state to pass medical marijuana in 1996 followed by 23 other states currently permitting the use of medical marijuana cannabis issues related to public and private employers edit in the case of u s v stacey among several others the legality of cannabis use has been contested since citizens who argue for protection under state law are always subject to federal charges 6 while there has been some guidance from the department of justice to the dea to reassess its priorities in the drug war and to target larger threats and substances the interpretation is still subjective and has not prevented large scale raids on medical marijuana facilities across the country 4 state response to cannabis edit california was the first state to pass medical marijuana in 1996 followed by 23 other states currently permitting the use of medical marijuana 7 for the states that have legalized medical marijuana employees and employers have had to face new challenges in the workplace state law can have provisions for an employer to refuse to hire based on marijuana use under the concern of safety productivity and company reputation companies that have a lot of safety sensitive work or include operating machinery or large vehicles are also free to institute a zero tolerance policy for its employees for the approximate 10 million cdl commercial drivers licenses drivers in the usa federal law requires they pass employer drug tests under the omnibus transportation employee safety act of 1991 drivers that use cannabis show impairment both in simulator and on the road tests mainly on the abilities to concentrate and maintain attention estimate time and distance and demonstrate coordination on divided attention tasks all important requirements for operating a motor vehicle 4 the department of transportation dot has also stated in its drug and alcohol testing regulations that cannabis is not acceptable for any employee engaged in safety sensitive work currently there are federal laws that give employers guidance and protection on how to ensure a drug free workplace despite the increase in cannabis use according to the national association of attorneys general naag in colorado the number of positive drug tests for marijuana went up by 20 between 2012 2013 compared to the national average increase of 5 8 for those companies that have received federal grants and have federal contracts over 100 000 they follow the drug free workplace act of 1988 a comprehensive policy which includes drug prevention methods information about employee assistance programs and disciplinary consequences of drug use in the workplace 9 federal agencies are required to use the substance abuse and mental health services administration samhsa procedures for testing and recommend private employers use the same criteria for consistency 10 the policy requires employees to report any criminal drug violations in the workplace to the employer within 5 calendar days which may subsequently result in discipline including termination regardless of state law 11 cannabis related to ada issues edit the occupational and safety act of 1970 includes a general duty clause for employers to protect employees from exposure for those compounds with no regulated standards of safe exposure it has been defined broadly as to maintain conditions or adopt practices reasonably necessary and appropriate to protect workers on the job 12 the ada prohibits employers from discriminating against disabled individuals which is defined as a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities a person who has a history or record of such an impairment or a person who is perceived by others as having such an impairment employers under this law have an obligation to provide reasonable accommodations to the disabled employee so they may perform the essential duties of the job as long as those accommodations don t pose an undue hardship on the employer 13 the ada section 12114 a however states that these rights are not granted to employee or applicant who is currently engaging in the illegal use of drugs 13 the ada does not require employer coverage when the employee is engaging in the illegal use of drugs including marijuana which is still illegal under the controlled substance act wrongful termination for cannabis edit coats v dish network llc held that a state s lawful activities statute does not protect a worker s off duty use of medical marijuana because this activity is not lawful under federal law under the ordinary meaning of permitted by law 14 workers compensation benefits edit the federal employees compensation act feca provides for the payment of workers compensation benefits including wages and medical benefits to civilian officers and employees of all branches of the federal government whereas state law has oversight over its own workers compensation program feca prohibits employees from receiving compensation when the injury was proximately caused by the intoxication by illegal drugs 15 16 unemployment benefits edit colorado court of appeals in beinor v industrial claim appeals 17 agreed with the employer and held that unemployment insurance benefits could be withheld due to the violation of the employer s zero tolerance drug policy worker was a sweeper using cannabis legally outside of working hours colorado state statue disqualifies an individual from receiving unemployment benefits after the presence of a controlled substance was not medically prescribed was found in the worker s system during worker hours drug testing in the workplace edit cannabis has unique pharmacokinetics and metabolism which makes it a challenge to drug test for acute impairment vs recent use thc is deposited in fat and can be detectable in urine for up to a month or more however it is not always an indicator of acute impairment further there are privacy concerns from invasive blood testing for compounds under the 4th amendment of the us constitution variability in study designs ethical dilemma of safety and productivity work type and drug metabolism in users when smoked blood levels of thc immediately rise and are distributed primarily in the lungs and brain thc is metabolized to the transient psychoactive substance thc oh which is finally converted to thc cooh the physiologically inactive metabolite the immediate euphoria and subsequent impairment from thc oh as suggested by older studies may last about 6 hours with some limited studies showing impairment lasting as long as 24 to 48 hours 18 specific studies that assess driving and impairment show a return to nonimpaired state within 3 6 hours 4 the method of testing cannabis in urine can be misleading due to the potential for interpreting a positive result for thc cooh as an indicator of acute impairment citation needed as of may 10 2020 employers in new york city cannot test employment applicants for marijuana 19 challenges for healthcare providers edit fsmb federal state medical boards after reviewing over 50 major studies in the field have offered these 10 recommendations 20 1 thoroughly document patient s visit prior to considering cannabis use for those with good compliance information on the inadequacy of response to other treatment comprehensive history and physical condition should be included 2 don t treat close friends or family 3 inform risks and benefits 4 compliance contract concerns of diversion 5 regular visits are recommended 6 no relationships with dispensaries or cannabis companies measuring impairment for workers edit a large study in france of over 10 000 crashes concluded an odds ratio of 2 18 for thc level less than 1 ng ml up to 4 72 for thc 5 ng ml for being involved in a crash 21 some researchers such as donzé n ménétrey have considered categorizing impairment as the sum of thc thc oh and thc cooh which would be more accurate for assessing impairment since it would include the active metabolite however more research is needed along with better point of care detection some norwegian studies have suggested that individuals with levels of 2 5 ng ml experienced moderate established impairment and levels of thc above 5 10 ng ml was likely to be severe impairment 21 the consensus from a meta analysis study shows that serum levels of an average of 3 8 ranging from 3 1 to 4 5 for oral cannabis and an average of 3 8 ranging from 3 3 to 4 5 for smoker cannabis cause a similar impairment to a bac of around 0 05g dl i e a 5 ng ml cutoff would resemble the level of impairment allowed for alcohol under federal testing laws 22 however since the presence of metabolites does not automatically indicate impairment an immediate physical exam by a physician is advised to correlate findings clinically to diagnose impairment 22 external links edit national institute for occupational safe...