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inter cennino cennini described the uses of ochre pigments in his famous treatise on painting this pigment is found in the earth of mountains where particular seams like sulphur are found and there where these seams are sinopia green earth and other types of pigment are found and the abovementioned pigments running through this landscape looked as a scar on the face of a man or of a woman looks i went in behind with my little knife prospecting at the scar of this pigment and in this way i promise you i never sampled a more lovely and perfect ochre pigment and know that this ochre is a common pigment particularly when working in fresco that with other mixtures that as i will explain to you it is used for flesh colours for drapery for coloured mountains and buildings and hair and in general for many things 36 in early modern malta red ochre paint was commonly used on public buildings 37 colonial north america edit in newfoundland red ochre was the pigment of choice for use in vernacular outbuildings and work buildings associated with the cod fishery when deposits of ochre are found throughout newfoundland notably near fortune harbour and at ochre pit cove while earliest settlers may have used locally collected ochre people were later able to purchase pre ground ochre through local merchants largely imported from england citation needed the dry ingredient ochre was mixed with some type of liquid raw material to create a rough paint the liquid material was usually seal oil or cod liver oil in newfoundland and labrador while scandinavian recipes sometimes called for linseed oil red ochre paint was sometimes prepared months in advance and allowed to sit and the smell of ochre paint being prepared is still remembered today 38 variations in local recipes shades of ore and type of oil used resulted in regional variations in colour because of this it is difficult to pinpoint an exact shade or hue of red that would be considered the traditional fishing stage red in the bonavista bay area one man maintained that seal oil mixed with the ochre gave the sails a purer red colour while cod liver oil would give a foxy colour browner in hue 38 past and continuing use edit africa edit himba woman covered with a traditional ochre pigment maasai morans heads covered with traditional ochre pigment red ochre has been used as a colouring agent in africa for over 200 000 years 39 women of the himba ethnic group in namibia use a mix of ochre and animal fat for body decoration to achieve a reddish skin colour the ochre mixture is also applied to their hair after braiding 40 men and women of the maasai people in kenya and tanzania have also used ochre in the same way australia edit ochre pits namatjira drive northern territory ochre pigments are plentiful across australia especially the western desert kimberley and arnhem land regions and occur in many archaeological sites 41 the practice of ochre painting has been prevalent among aboriginal australians for over 40 000 years pleistocene burials with red ochre date as early as 40 000 bp and ochre plays a role in expressing symbolic ideologies of the earliest arrivals to the continent 42 ochre has been used for millennia by aboriginal people for body decoration sun protection 43 mortuary practices cave painting bark painting and other artwork and the preservation of animal skins among other uses at lake mungo in western new south wales burial sites have been excavated and burial materials including ochre painted bones have been dated to the arrival of people in australia 44 mungo man lm3 was buried sprinkled with red ochre at least 30 000 bp and possibly as early as 60 000 bp 45 ochre has been mined by aboriginal people in pits and quarries across australia there are over 400 recorded sites and many of these including the ochre pits in the tjoritja west macdonnell national park are still in use 46 47 the national museum of australia has a large collection of ochre samples from many sites across australia 48 ochre was traded across the continent through the network of ancient songlines with highly prized red ochre being sourced from spiritually significant places 49 the yirrkala bark petitions one of the most significant actions by aboriginal people in modern history sent to the australian parliament by the yolngu people of north east arnhem land in the northern territory in 1963 to negotiate land rights were decorated with traditional ochre designs 46 memorial poles decorated with ochre in australia the term ochre is applied to a range of coloured substances used in art and decoration in ceremonial activities some of which are chemically different and all have different names in different australian aboriginal languages 49 ochres continue to be used in aboriginal art and for ceremonial decoration the most common colours are red yellow white and black but other colours such as orange purple pink and turquoise are also used different colours are associated with specific meanings and uses for example white is often used during times of sorry business and loss while black pigment from coal or charcoal is mainly used for men s business patterns drawn on the skin with ochre are specific to a purpose and regarded as the cultural property of each clan 46 the clay known as white ochre pipe clay or china clay is derived from kaolinite or gypsum 50 51 49 52 indigenous dance company bangarra dance theatre uses ochre extensively in its performances it sources its white ochre from the nuwal ochre pit in yirrkala arnhem land 46 ochre has been and still is widely used as medicine and when ingested some ochres have an antacid effect on the digestive system while others which are rich in iron can assist with lethargy and fatigue ochre is also often mixed with plant oils and animal fats to create other medicines 46 47 painted mindirr 2020 by helen ganalmirriwuy garrawurra using ochres there are many words for ochre in australian aboriginal languages throughout australia including yolŋu languages arnhem land which refers to white ochre as gapan 46 noongar language south western western australia which calls red and yellow ochre wilgee 46 wiradjuri language new south wales which calls red ochre gubarr or gidyi 46 yawuru language kimberley region wa which refers to white yellow ochre as gumbarri 46 white as larli and red duguldugul when used in ritual 46 gija language wa which refers to white ochre as mawurntu and red ochre as badal 52 in 2019 a new source of white ochre gapan was found when refurbishing the buku larrnngay mulka art centre at yirrkala 53 modern history edit the industrial process for making ochre pigment was developed by the french scientist jean étienne astier in the 1780s he was from roussillon and was fascinated by the cliffs of red and yellow clay in the region he invented a process to make the pigment on a large scale using the ochre mines and quarries in roussillon rustrel and gargas in the vaucluse after extracting clay of 10 20 ochre from open pits or mines he washed it to separate ochre from sand then decanted the mixture into large basins the water was then drained and the ochre was dried cut into bricks crushed sifted and classified by colour and quality the best quality was reserved for artists pigments 9 thanks to the process invented by astier and refined by his successors ochre pigments from vaucluse were exported across europe and around the world it was not only used for artists paints and house paints it also became an important ingredient for the early rubber industry ochre from vaucluse was an important french export until the mid 20th century when major markets were lost due to the russian revolution and the spanish civil war ochre also began to face growing competition from synthetic pigments the quarries in roussillon rustrel and bruoux closed one by one the last active quarry is in gargas and belongs to the société des ocres de france in great britain ochre was mined at brixham england it became an important product for the british fishing industry where it was combined with oil and used to coat sails to protect them from seawater giving them a reddish colour the ochre was boiled in great caldrons together with tar tallow and oak bark the last ingredient giving the name of barking yards to the places where the hot mixture was painted on to the sails which were then hung up to dry in 1894 a theft case provided insights into the use of the pigment as a food adulterant in sausage roll production whereby the accused apprentice was taught to soak brown bread in red ochre salt and pepper to give the appearance of beef sausage for the filling 54 modern uses edit paint pigment edit ochres are non toxic and can be used to make an oil paint that dries quickly and covers surfaces thoroughly citation needed owing to dwindling supplies of the natural product modern ochre pigments are made using synthetic iron oxide pigments which use natural ochre pigments indicate it with the name py 43 pigment yellow 43 or pbr7 on the label following the colour index international system however by 2002 there were no longer any suppliers of natural iron oxide pigments registered with the society of dyers and colourists uk colour index deletion of the two codes was considered but manufacturers fought to retain the designations for the synthetic versions of the colours 55 in heraldry and vexillology edit ochre both red and yellow appear as tinctures in south african heraldry the national coat of arms adopted in 2000 includes red ochre while yellow ochre appears in the arms of the university of transkei 56 57 ochre is also used as a symbol of aboriginal australians and appears on the flag of the northern territory and on the flags of the taungurung and aṉangu people 58 59 60 limonite a mineraloid containing iron hydroxide is the main ingredient of all the ochre pigments hematite is a more reddish variety of iron oxide and is the main ingredient of red ochre pure manganese dioxide burnt and raw sienna raw umber the higher manganese oxide content makes it darker the clay hills of roussillon vaucluse in provence have been an important source of ochre pigment since the 18th century three shades of ochre naturally occurring ochre is often a mix of minerals a broad range of colours can be created with naturally occurring or human blended mixtures of these minerals see also edit banded iron formation falu red female cosmetic coalitions attic ochre iron ochre lead ochre iron iii oxide list of colors list of inorganic pigments red lady of paviland red pigments references edit citations edit 32 ochre in us and uk english google books ngram viewer retrieved 15 september 2025 ocher american heritage dictionary 1969 krivovichev v g mineralogical glossary scientific editor a g bulakh st petersburg st petersburg univ publ house 2009 556 p isbn 978 5 288 04863 0 ochre collier s new encyclopedia vol vii 1921 shorter oxford english dictionary 2002 oxford university press the random house college dictionary revised edition 1980 any of a class of natural earths mixtures of hydrated oxides of iron and various earthy materials ranging in colour from pale yellow to orange and red and used as pigments a colour ranging from pale yellow to reddish yellow crc handbook any year r a lidin l l andreeva v a molochko edited by r a lidin constants of inorganic substances reference book 3 rd ed stereotypical moscow drofa 2008 г 685 p 1 2 roelofs isabelle 2012 la couleur expliquée aux artistes groupe eyrolles isbn 978 2 212 134865 p 30 watts i 1999 the origin of symbolic culture in r dunbar c knight and c power eds the evolution of culture edinburgh edinburgh university press pp 113 46 dapschauskas r göden m b sommer c and kandel a w 2022 the emergence of habitual ochre use in africa and its significance for the development of ritual behavior during the middle stone age journal of world prehistory https doi org 10 1007 s10963 022 09170 2 lanese 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