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ation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 genera 2 overview 3 description 4 history 5 classification 6 taxonomy 7 references 8 external links toggle the table of contents oleaceae 75 languages afrikaans العربية مصرى asturianu azərbaycanca تۆرکجه беларуская тарашкевіца беларуская български bosanski català cebuano corsu čeština чӑвашла dansk deutsch esperanto español eesti euskara فارسی suomi français nordfriisk galego עברית hrvatski hornjoserbsce magyar հայերեն bahasa indonesia íslenska italiano 日本語 jawa taqbaylit қазақша 한국어 kurdî latina lietuvių latviešu malagasy македонски മലയാളം bahasa melayu эрзянь nederlands norsk nynorsk norsk bokmål ирон polski پنجابی português română русский scots srpskohrvatski српскохрватски simple english slovenščina српски srpski svenska தமிழ் ไทย tagalog türkçe українська oʻzbekcha ўзбекча tiếng việt west vlams winaray 吴语 粵語 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikispecies wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia family of flowering plants oleaceae olive olea europaea scientific classification kingdom plantae clade tracheophytes clade angiosperms clade eudicots clade asterids order lamiales family oleaceae hoffmanns link tribes fontanesieae forsythieae jasmineae myxopyreae oleeae synonyms bolivariaceae griseb forstiereae forstieraceae endl fraxineae fraxinaceae s f gray iasmineae iasminaceae link jasmineae jasminaceae juss lilacaceae ventenat nyctantheae nyctanthaceae j g agardh syringaceae horan oleaceae ˌ oʊ l i ˈ eɪ s i iː ˌ aɪ also known as the olive family or sometimes the lilac family is a taxonomic family of flowering shrubs trees and a few lianas in the order lamiales 1 it presently comprises 28 genera one of which is recently extinct 2 the extant genera include cartrema which was resurrected in 2012 3 the number of species in the oleaceae is variously estimated in a wide range around 700 the flowers are often numerous and highly odoriferous 4 the family has a sub cosmopolitan distribution ranging from the subarctic to the southernmost parts of africa australia and south america notable members include olive ash jasmine and several popular ornamental plants including privet forsythia fringetrees and lilac 5 genera edit the following 29 extant genera are recognized in the family oleaceae 6 linociera is not included even though some authors continue to recognize it linociera is not easy to distinguish from chionanthus mostly because the latter is polyphyletic and not clearly defined tribe myxopyreae myxopyrum blume dimetra kerr nyctanthes l tribe forsythieae abeliophyllum nakai white forsythia forsythia vahl forsythia tribe fontanesieae fontanesia labill tribe jasmineae chrysojasminum banfi menodora humb bonpl jasminum l jasmine tribe oleeae subtribe ligustrinae syringa l lilac ligustrum l privet subtribe schreberinae comoranthus knobl schrebera roxb subtribe fraxininae fraxinus l ash subtribe oleinae cartrema raf chengiodendron c b shang x r wang yi f duan yong f li chionanthus l fringe tree forestiera poir swamp privet haenianthus griseb hesperelaea a gray nestegis raf noronhia stadman ex thouars notelaea vent olea l olive osmanthus lour osmanthus phillyrea l mock privet picconia d c priogymnanthus p s green tetrapilus lour overview edit the type genus for oleaceae is olea the olives recent classifications recognize no subfamilies but the family is divided into five tribes 2 the distinctiveness of each tribe has been strongly supported in molecular phylogenetic studies but the relationships among the tribes were not clarified until 2014 7 the phylogenetic tree for oleaceae is a 5 grade that can be represented as myxopyreae forsythieae fontanesieae jasmineae oleeae the major centers of diversity for oleaceae are in southeast asia and australia 8 there are also a significant number of species in africa china 9 and north america in the tropics the family is represented in a variety of habitats from low lying dry forest to montane cloud forest in oleaceae the seed dispersal is almost entirely by wind or animals in the case that the fruit is a berry the species is mostly dispersed by birds the wind dispersed fruits are samaras some of the older works have recognized as many as 29 genera in oleaceae 10 today most authors recognize at least 25 but this number will change because some of these genera have recently been shown to be polyphyletic estimates of the number of species in oleaceae have ranged from 600 to 900 most of the species number discrepancy is due to the genus jasminum in which as few as 200 11 or as many as 450 12 species have been accepted in spite of the sparsity of the fossil record and the inaccuracy of molecular clock dating it is clear that oleaceae is an ancient family that became widely distributed early in its history some of the genera are believed to be relictual populations that remained unchanged over long periods because of isolation imposed by geographical barriers like the low elevation areas that separate mountain peaks description edit members of the family oleaceae are woody plants mostly trees and shrubs a few are lianas some of the shrubs are scandent climbing by scrambling into other vegetation leaves without stipules simple or pinnately or ternately compound the family is characterized by opposite leaves alternate or whorled arrangements are rarely observed with some jasminum species presenting a spiral configuration 11 the laminas are pinnately veined and can be serrate dentate or entire at the margin domatia are observed in certain taxa the leaves may be either deciduous or evergreen with evergreen species predominating in warm temperate and tropical regions and deciduous species predominating in colder regions the flowers are most often bisexual and actinomorphic occurring in racemes or panicles and often fragrant the calyx and corolla when present are gamosepalous and gamopetalous respectively their lobes connate at least at the base the androecium has 2 stamens these are inserted on the corolla tube and alternate with the corolla lobes the stigmas are two lobed the gynoecium consists of a compound pistil with two carpels the ovary is superior with two locules the placentation is axile ovules usually 2 per locule sometimes 4 rarely many nectary disk when present encircling the base of the ovary the plants are most often hermaphrodite but sometimes polygamomonoecious the fruit can be a berry drupe capsule or samaras the obvious feature that distinguishes oleaceae and its sister family carlemanniaceae from all others is the fact that while the flowers are actinomorphic the number of stamens is reduced to two many members of the family are economically significant the olive olea europaea is important for its fruit and for the olive oil extracted from it the ashes fraxinus are valued for their tough wood forsythias lilacs jasmines osmanthuses privets and fringe trees are valued as ornamental plants in gardens and landscaping at least two species of jasmine are the source of an essential oil their flowers are often added to tea history edit carl linnaeus named eight of the genera of oleaceae in 1753 in his species plantarum 13 he did not designate what we now know as plant families but placed his genera in artificial groups for purposes of identification after the work of linnaeus names for groups that included the genera of oleaceae were used but none of them was a valid publication of the family name oleaceae for example antoine laurent de jussieu in his genera plantarum in 1789 placed them in an order which he called jasmineae 14 in 1809 in a flora of portugal johann centurius hoffmannsegg and johann h f link described at the taxonomic rank of family a group which they called oleinae 15 16 their description is now regarded as the establishment of what we now know as oleaceae 17 the last revision of oleaceae was published in 2004 in a series entitled the families and genera of vascular plants since that time molecular phylogenetic work has shown that the next revision of oleaceae must include substantial changes to the circumscription of genera classification edit oleaceae is most closely related to the small indo malesian family carlemanniaceae these two families form the second most basal clade in the order lamiales after plocospermataceae 18 the families plocospermataceae carlemanniaceae oleaceae and tetrachondraceae form a polyphyletic group known as the basal lamiales which is in contrast to the monophyletic core lamiales 7 taxonomy edit oleaceae is one of only a few major plant families for which no well sampled molecular phylogenetic study has ever been conducted the only dna sequence study of the entire family sampled 76 species for two noncoding chloroplast loci rps16 and trnl f little was determined in this study largely because the mutation rate in the chloroplast genome of oleaceae is very low compared to that of most other angiosperm families 19 also the family is notorious for incongruence between phylogenies based on plastid and nuclear dna the most likely cause of this incongruence is reticulate evolution resulting from rampant hybridization 20 the delimitation of genera in oleaceae has always been especially problematic some recent studies of small groups of related genera have shown that some of the genera are not monophyletic for example olea section tetrapilus is separate from the rest of olea it is a distinct group of 23 species and had been named as a genus tetrapilus by joão de loureiro in 1790 21 the genus ligustrum has long been suspected of having originated from within syringa and this was confirmed in a cladistic comparison of selected chloroplast genes 22 osmanthus consists of at least three lineages whose closest relatives are not other lineages of osmanthus 23 chionanthus is highly polyphyletic with its species scattered across the phylogenetic tree of the subtribe oleinae its african species are closer to noronhia than to its type species the north american chionanthus virginicus its madagascan species are phylogenetically within noronhia and will be formally transferred to it in a forthcoming paper 20 the monophyly of nestegis is in considerable doubt but few of its closest relatives have been sampled in phylogenetic studies references edit angiosperm phylogeny group 2009 an update of the angiosperm phylogeny group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants apg iii botanical journal of the linnean society 161 2 105 121 doi 10 1111 j 1095 8339 2009 00996 x hdl 10654 18083 1 2 peter s green 2004 oleaceae pages 296 306 in klaus kubitzki editor and joachim w kadereit volume editor the families and genera of vascular plants volume vii springer verlag berlin heidelberg germany isbn 978 3 540 40593 1 nesom guy l 2012 synopsis of american cartrema pdf phytoneuron 96 1 11 vernon h heywood richard k brummitt ole seberg and alastair culham flowering plant families of the world firefly books ontario canada isbn 978 1 55407 206 4 anthony huxley mark griffiths and margot levy 1992 the new royal horticultural society dictionary of gardening the macmillan press limited london the stockton press new york isbn 978 0 333 47494 5 set oleaceae hoffmanns link plants of the world online kew science plants of the world online retrieved 28 november 2023 1 2 refulio rodriguez nancy f olmstead richard g 2014 phylogeny of lamiidae american journal of botany 101 2 287 299 doi 10 3732 ajb 1300394 pmid 24509797 armen l takhtajan takhtadzhian flowering plants second edition 2009 springer science business media isbn 978 1 4020 9608 2 print isbn 978 1 4020 9609 9 ebook doi 10 1007 978 1 4020 9609 9 mei chen chang lien ching chiu zhi wei and peter s green 1996 oleaceae pages 272 319 in wu zhengyi peter h raven and hong deyuan editors 1994 onward flora of china vol 15 myrsinaceae loganiaceae science press beijing china and missouri botanical garden press st louis mo usa isbn 978 0 915279 37 1 vol 15 isbn 978 0 915279 34 0 set flora ornamental española vi araliaceae boraginaceae archived 2016 03 02 at the wayback machine 2010 1 2 peter s green and diana miller 2009 the genus jasminum in cultivation royal botanic gardens kew isbn 978 1 84246 011 5 david j mabberley 2008 mabberley s plant book third edition 2008 cambridge university press uk isbn 978 0 521 82071 4 carolus linnaeus carl von linné 1753 species plantarum 1st edition vol 1 pages 6 9 holmiae impensis laurentii salvii lars salvius a facsimile with an introduction by william t stearn was published by the ray society in 1957 antoine laurent de jussieu 1789 ordo iv jasmineae pages 104 106 in genera plantarum secundum ordines naturales disposita oleaceae in international plant names index johann centurius von hoffmannsegg and johann h f link 1809 flore portugaise ou description de toutes des plantes 1 62 james l reveal 2008 onward a checklist of family and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants at home page of james l reveal and c rose broome peter f stevens 2001 onwards oleaceae at angiosperm phylogeny website at botanical databases at missouri botanical garden website wallander eva albert victor a 2000 phylogeny and classification of oleaceae based on rps16 and trnl f sequence data american journal of botany 87 12 1827 41 doi 10 2307 2656836 jstor 2656836 pmid 11118421 1 2 hong wa cynthia besnard guillaume 2013 intricate patterns of phylogenetic relationships in the olive family as inferred from multi locus plastid and nuclear dna sequence analyses a close up on chionanthus and noronhia oleaceae molecular phylogenetics and evolution 67 2 367 378 bibcode 2013molpe 67 367h doi 10 1016 j ympev 2013 02 003 pmid 23415987 tetrapilus in international plant names index li jianhua goldman huertas benjamin deyoung jeffrey alexander iii john 2012 phylogenetics and diversification of syringa inferred from nuclear and plastid dna sequences castanea 77 1 82 88 doi 10 2179 11 016 s2cid 83590628 guo shi quan xiong min ji chun feng zhang zhi rong li de zhu zhang zhi yong 2011 molecular phylogenetic reconstruction of osmanthus lour oleaceae and related genera based on three chloroplast intergenic spacers plant systematics and evolution 294 1 2 57 64 bibcode 2011psyev 294 57g doi 10 1007 s00606 011 0445 z s2cid 21252789 external links edit media related to oleaceae at wikimedia commons v t e families of flowering plants apg iv supergroup plant rhodophyta chlorophyta marchantiophy...