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ip 6 7 and tracked the motion of light dots in a dark field of a printed paper or similar mouse pad 8 the kirsch and lyon mouse types had very different behaviors as the kirsch mouse used an x y coordinate system embedded in the pad and would not work correctly when the pad was rotated while the lyon mouse used the x y coordinate system of the mouse body as mechanical mice do oem branded mouse systems kirsch optical mouse showing underside and mousemat pattern the optical mouse ultimately sold with the xerox star office computer used an inverted sensor chip packaging approach patented by lisa m williams and robert s cherry of the xerox microelectronics center 9 the mouse systems kirsch design was commercialised and sold in pc compatible form by the company itself 10 alongside variants rebranded for oem use with sun microsystems workstations 11 and by data general 12 modern optical mice edit this section needs more citations please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed find sources optical mouse news newspapers books scholar jstor january 2023 learn how and when to remove this message optical sensor edit microscope photograph of the intellimouse explorer sensor silicon die the optical sensor from a microsoft wireless intellimouse explorer v 1 0a modern surface independent optical mice work by using an optoelectronic sensor essentially a tiny low resolution video camera to take successive images of the surface on which the mouse operates as computing power grew cheaper it became possible to embed more powerful special purpose image processing chips in the mouse itself this advance enabled the mouse to detect relative motion on a wide variety of surfaces translating the movement of the mouse into the movement of the cursor and eliminating the need for a special mouse pad a surface independent coherent light optical mouse design was patented by stephen b jackson at xerox in 1988 13 xerox s inventions were never massively commercially exploited however and optical mice would remain elusive in the personal computer market until microsoft released the intellimouse with intellieye and intellimouse explorer in 1999 14 15 these mice used technology developed by hewlett packard under their agilent technologies subsidiary see below these mice worked on almost any surface and represented a welcome improvement over mechanical mice which would pick up dirt track capriciously invite rough handling and need to be taken apart and cleaned frequently other manufacturers soon followed microsoft s lead including apple for their pro mouse 14 using components manufactured by agilent once they spun off from hp and over the next several years mechanical mice became obsolete s5085 optical sensor ic die cmos sensor driver the technology underlying the modern optical computer mouse is known as digital image correlation a technology pioneered by the defense industry for tracking military targets a simple binary image version of digital image correlation was used in the 1980 lyon optical mouse optical mice use image sensors to image naturally occurring texture in materials such as wood cloth mouse pads and formica these surfaces when lit at a grazing angle by a light emitting diode cast distinct shadows that resemble a hilly terrain lit at sunset images of these surfaces are captured in continuous succession and compared with each other to determine how far the mouse has moved principle of operation edit to understand how optical flow is used in optical mice imagine two photographs of the same object except slightly offset from each other place both photographs on a light table to make them transparent and slide one across the other until their images line up the amount that the edges of one photograph overhang the other represents the offset between the images and in the case of an optical computer mouse the distance it has moved optical mice capture one thousand successive images or more per second depending on how fast the mouse is moving each image will be offset from the previous one by a fraction of a pixel or as many as several pixels optical mice mathematically process these images using cross correlation to calculate how much each successive image is offset from the previous one citation needed the output of the optical sensor is usually delta x y coordinates some optical ics allow to get image data as well mouse sensor designs usually embed some kind of image acquisition system and dsp processors for fast data processing an optical mouse might use an image sensor having an 18 18 pixel array of monochromatic pixels its sensor would normally share the same asic as that used for storing and processing the images one refinement would be accelerating the correlation process by using information from previous motions and another refinement would be preventing deadbands when moving slowly by adding interpolation or frame skipping citation needed the development of the modern optical mouse at hewlett packard co was supported by a succession of related projects during the 1990s at hp laboratories in 1992 william holland was awarded us patent 5 089 712 and john ertel william holland kent vincent rueiming jamp and richard baldwin were awarded us patent 5 149 980 for measuring linear paper advance in a printer by correlating images of paper fibers ross r allen david beard mark t smith and barclay j tullis were awarded us patents 5 578 813 1996 and 5 644 139 1997 for 2 dimensional optical navigational i e position measurement principles based on detecting and correlating microscopic inherent features of the surface over which the navigation sensor travelled and using position measurements of each end of a linear document image sensor to reconstruct an image of the document this is the freehand scanning concept used in the hp capshare 920 handheld scanner by describing an optical means that explicitly overcame the limitations of wheels balls and rollers used in contemporary computer mice the optical mouse was anticipated these patents formed the basis for us patent 5 729 008 1998 awarded to travis n blalock richard a baumgartner thomas hornak mark t smith and barclay j tullis where surface feature image sensing image processing and image correlation was realized by an integrated circuit to produce a position measurement improved precision of 2d optical navigation needed for application of optical navigation to precise 2d measurement of media paper advance in hp designjet large format printers was further refined in us patent 6 195 475 awarded in 2001 to raymond g beausoleil jr and ross r allen light source edit led mice edit the blue led based v mouse vm 101 optical mice often used light emitting diodes leds for illumination when first popularized the color of the optical mouse s leds can vary but red is most common as red diodes are inexpensive and silicon photodetectors are very sensitive to red light ir leds are also widely used 16 other colors are sometimes used such as the blue led of the v mouse vm 101 illustrated at right laser mice edit although invisible to the naked eye the light produced by this laser mouse is captured as the color purple because ccds are sensitive to a broader light wavelength range than the human eye a laser mouse uses an infrared laser diode instead of an led to illuminate the surface beneath their sensor as early as 1998 sun microsystems provided a laser mouse with their sun sparcstation servers and workstations 17 however laser mice did not enter the mainstream consumer market until 2004 following the development by a team at agilent laboratories palo alto led by doug baney of a laser based mouse based on a 850 nm vcsel that offered a 20 improvement in tracking performance tong xie marshall t depue and douglas m baney were awarded u s patents 7 116 427 and 7 321 359 for their work on low power consumption broad navigability vcsel based consumer mice paul machin at logitech in partnership with agilent technologies introduced the new technology as the mx 1000 laser mouse this mouse uses a small infrared laser vcsel instead of an led and significantly increased the resolution of the image taken by the mouse the laser illumination enabled superior surface tracking compared to led illuminated optical mice 18 in 2008 avago technologies introduced laser navigation sensors whose emitter was integrated into the ic using vcsel technology 19 in august 2009 logitech introduced mice with two lasers to track on glass and glossy surfaces better they dubbed them a darkfield laser sensor 20 power edit manufacturers often engineer their optical mice especially battery powered wireless models to save power when possible to do this the mouse dims or blinks the laser or led when in standby mode each mouse has a different standby time a typical implementation by logitech has four power states where the sensor is pulsed at different rates per second citation needed 11500 full on for accurate response while moving illumination appears bright 1100 fallback active condition while not moving illumination appears dull 110 standby 12 sleep state movement can be detected in any of these states some mice turn the sensor fully off in the sleep state requiring a button click to wake optical mice utilizing infrared elements leds or lasers offer substantial increases in battery life over visible spectrum illumination some mice such as the logitech v450 848 nm laser mouse are capable of functioning on two aa batteries for a full year due to the low power requirements of the infrared laser clarification needed mice designed for use where low latency and high responsiveness are important such as in playing video games may omit power saving features and require a wired connection to improve performance examples of mice which sacrifice power saving in favor of performance are the logitech g5 and the razer copperhead optical versus mechanical mice edit this section needs more citations please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed june 2025 learn how and when to remove this message the logitech ifeel optical mouse uses a red led to project light onto the tracking surface unlike mechanical mice whose tracking mechanisms can become clogged with lint optical mice have no moving parts besides buttons and scroll wheels therefore they do not require maintenance other than removing debris that might collect under the light emitter however they generally cannot track on glossy and transparent surfaces including some mouse pads causing the cursor to drift unpredictably during operation mice with less image processing power also have problems tracking fast movement whereas some high quality mice can track faster than 2 m s modern high performance optical sensors can reach tracking speeds exceeding 650 in s 17 m s over 16 5 m s with accelerations of up to 50g and configurable lift off distance lod settings 21 some models of laser mice can track on glossy and transparent surfaces and have much higher sensitivity as of 2006 update mechanical mice had lower average power requirements than their optical counterparts the power used by mice is relatively small and only an important consideration when the power is derived from batteries with their limited capacity optical models outperform mechanical mice on uneven slick soft sticky or loose surfaces and generally in mobile situations lacking mouse pads because optical mice render movement based on an image that the led or infrared diode illuminates use with multicolored mouse pads may result in unreliable performance however laser mice do not suffer from these problems and will track on such surfaces see also edit trackball references edit john markoff may 10 1982 computer mice are scurrying out of r d labs infoworld 4 18 10 11 issn 0199 6649 john markoff february 21 1983 in focus the mouse that rolled infoworld 5 8 infoworld media group inc 28 issn 0199 6649 sol sherr 1988 input devices academic press isbn 0126399700 liz karagianis fall 1997 steve kirsch mit spectrum archived from the original on march 22 2008 portraits of mit related companies infoseek santa clara ca mit the impact of innovation mit archived from the original on december 1 1998 retrieved 31 december 2006 lyon richard f august 1981 the optical mouse and an architectural methodology for smart digital sensors pdf in h t kung robert f sproull guy l steele eds vlsi systems and computations computer science press pp 1 19 doi 10 1007 978 3 642 68402 9_1 isbn 978 3 642 68404 3 stan augarten 1983 state of the art a photographic history of the integrated circuit ticknor fields pp 60 61 isbn 0 89919 195 9 xerox mousepad digibarn com retrieved 2010 05 29 us patent 4751505 optical mouse the old way 10 december 2016 archived from the original on 2022 02 07 retrieved 2023 04 29 box image pc mouse state of the art optical mouse mouse systems corp sun and mouse systems mice and optical pads retrotechnology com archived from the original on 2023 03 16 retrieved 2023 04 29 old optical mouse wikimedia commons 20 july 2010 archived from the original on 2021 02 18 retrieved 2023 04 29 us patent 4794384 1 2 lyon r l 2014 the optical mouse early biomimetic embedded vision in kisačanin branislav margrit gelautz eds advances in embedded computer vision springer p 20 isbn 9783319093871 via google books microsoft press release april 19th 1999 microsoft 1999 04 19 archived from the original on 2011 11 28 retrieved 2011 05 11 winn l rosch 2003 winn l rosch hardware bible 6th ed que publishing p 756 isbn 978 0 7897 2859 3 computer engineering tips mouse archived from the original on may 5 2009 retrieved 2006 12 31 logitech mx1000 laser cordless mouse cnet november 4 2004 retrieved july 19 2018 avago technologies announces miniature laser navigation sensors for mouse applications january 28 2008 retrieved 2013 03 25 logitech darkfield innovation brief pdf logitech 2009 optical mouse tracking sensors dpi calibration and polling rate optimization bytek store 2025 11 12 retrieved 2026 09 22 v t e basic computer components input devices pointing devices graphics tablet game controller light pen mouse optical optical trackpad pointing stick touchpad touchscreen trackball other keyboard image scanner graphics card gpu microphone refreshable braille display sound card sound chip webcam softcam output devices monitor screen refreshable braille display printer plotter speakers sound card graphics card removable data storage disk pack floppy disk optical disc cd dvd blu ray flash memory memory card usb flash drive computer case central processing unit microprocessor motherboard memory ram bios data storage hdd ssd sata nvme sshd power supply smps mosfet power mosfet vrm network interface controller fax modem expansion card ports current ethernet usb thunderbolt analog audio jack displayport hdmi obsolete firewire ieee 1394 parallel port seria...