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aditions they based their interpretations on their own traditions emphasizing a more literal understanding of the verses in many respects this led to a more severe observance than that of the pharisees especially as regards purity laws and temple practice most aspects of sadduceean law and methods of interpretation are not known 39 essenes edit essenes a monastic group of people had a monastic organization though they had non biblical rules and customs they differened significantly from the mainstream rabbinic tradition 40 samaritans edit the samaritans an ancient sect that has survived in small numbers to the present day have their own rich interpretative tradition as reflected in the medieval samaritan legal collection called the hilukh which shares etymological roots with the term halakhah however the concept of a divinely ordained oral law having equal value with the written one is foreign to samaritan theology 41 karaites edit main article karaite judaism karaite judaism or karaism is a jewish denomination that began in eighth century baghdad to form a separate sect that rejected of the oral torah and talmud and placed sole reliance on the tanakh as scripture 9 thus for example karaites understood exodus 35 3 do not light a fire in any of your dwellings on the sabbath day as forbidding the use of any kind of fire on the sabbath including fires lit before the start of the sabbath which are permitted by the oral law 9 karaites also do not adhere to widespread customs such as the donning of tefillin and the prohibition against eating milk and meat together on the grounds that such practices are grounded in the oral law the reform movement edit influenced by the haskalah and under sociological pressure to assimilate to the protestant and secular culture of european and north american urban elites reform judaism came to reject the binding authority of the oral torah and systematically stripped its liturgy and practices of rabbinic tradition 42 43 44 modern perspectives edit torat eretz yisrael edit according to torat eretz yisrael and minhagei eretz yisrael 45 it is important to notice that torah sages can err just as the sanhedrin could leviticus 4 13 46 conservative judaism edit conservative judaism takes an intermediate approach between the reform movement and orthodoxy claiming that the oral tradition is entitled to authority but regarding its rulings as flexible guidelines rather than immutable precepts that may be viewed through the lens of modernity 47 jewish scholar and philosopher ismar schorsch has postulated that conservative judaism is tied to sensing divinity both in the torah and in the oral law but not in a literalist manner 48 rabbi zecharias frankel considered intellectual founder of conservative judaism was respected by many orthodox until writing in 1859 that the talmudic term law given to moses at sinai always meant ancient customs accepted as such his opponents demanded that he issue an unequivocal statement of belief in the total divinity of oral law yet he refrained from doing so he was consequently ostracized and declared a heretic by several authorities citation needed see also edit aggadah hadith law given to moses at sinai oral tradition oral history oral law traditional jewish chronology traditional knowledge uncodified constitution references edit schwartz h loebel fried c 2006 tree of souls the mythology of judaism oxford university press p 55 isbn 978 0 19 532713 7 ehrlich mark avrum 2009 encyclopedia of the jewish diaspora origins experiences and culture volume 2 abc clio p 473 traditionally the beta israel were monotheistic and practiced a torah based judaism without observing oral law or knowing the talmud known to other communities of jews appiah anthony gates henry louis jr 2005 africana the encyclopedia of the african and african american experience oxford university press p 565 in terms of their religious beliefs the beta israel have always identified themselves as exiles from the land of israel and believers of the faith of moses for almost 2 000 years however they were completely isolated from the rest of the jewish world they never learned of the talmud the codification of jewish oral law or any of the traditions that arose after biblical times such as the holiday of hanukkah 1 2 3 oral law תורה שבעל פה jewish encyclopedia 1906 retrieved 13 june 2013 1 2 3 4 5 6 danby herbert 2012 the mishnah translated from the hebrew with introduction and brief explanatory notes hendrickson publishers pp xvii xix isbn 978 1 59856 902 5 1 2 magness jodi 2003 archaeology of qumran and the dead sea scrolls wm b eerdmans publishing pp 41 43 isbn 978 0 8028 2687 9 according to josephus antiquities xiii x 6 the pharisees have delivered to the people a great many observances by succession from their fathers which are not written in the law of moses and for that reason it is that the sadducees reject them and say that we are to esteem those observances to be obligatory which are in the written word but are not to observe what are derived from the tradition of our forefathers sanders e p 2005 judaism practice and belief 63 bce 66 ce 4 impr ed london scm press pp 332 335 isbn 978 0 334 02470 5 things cannot have been quite this simple strict adherence to the written law is not an adequate explanation of the sadducees views as daube put it that the sadducees are to be explained as literalists is a myth what is in the bible partially depends on what spectacles one wears later the rabbis wished to argue that the doctrine of the resurrection is in the law sanhedrin 10 1 and so they found it there according to matt 22 32 jesus proved the resurrection by quoting ex 3 6 we may be certain that the sadducees accepted at least some practices that are not in the law i do not mean that the pharisees forced them to follow their views but that the bible does not give enough detail about various matters to allow anyone to follow it without supplementing it it seldom for example correlates crimes and punishments whoever strikes a man so that he dies shall be put to death ex 21 12 how when it came to the actual execution the guilty party had to be killed in some particular way the bible mentions various modes of execution stoning burning and so on but these are only sometimes related to particular crimes the mishnah tries to straighten all this out tractate sanhedrin the present point is that anyone who was actually in power had to decide one thing rather than another since some people who followed the sadducees had authority over life and death before pompey s conquest e g hyrcanus i they must have had non biblical rules about execution similarly the sadducean high priests had to accept some calendar or other the bible gives hints about calendar arrangement but it does not prescribe a calendar the sadducees must have been conscious of this fact since the qumranians and possibly others had a calendar different from the one accepted in jerusalem again the sadducees had to follow a particular practice that was not explicitly prescribed in the pentateuch it cannot be the case that they accepted no non biblical practices and beliefs at all 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 telushkin joseph 2001 jewish literacy revised edition new york usa william morrow and company inc pp 146 152 isbn 0 688 08506 7 tosefta eduyot 1 1 www sefaria org when the sages entered the vineyard at yavneh they said in the future there will be an hour when a person will search for a matter among the words of torah and will not find it in in the teachings of the scribes and will not find it as it says behold days are coming says the lord they will seek out the word of god and they will not find it amos 8 11 12 the word of god this is prophecy the word of god this is knowledge of the eschaton the word of god that one matter in the words of torah is not similar to another they said let us begin from hillel and shammai 1 2 3 4 neusner jacob 2003 the perfect torah volume 13 of the brill reference library of ancient judaism brill pp 2 4 isbn 9789004130333 ska jean louis 2006 introduction to reading the pentateuch eisenbrauns isbn 978 1 57506 122 1 gaventa william 2012 jewish perspectives on theology and the human experience of disability routledge pp 109 112 isbn 978 1 136 45351 9 dane perry winter 1991 the oral law and the jurisprudence of a textless text s vara a journal of philosophy law and judaism 2 11 ssrn 1718700 elizabeth shanks alexander the orality of rabbinic writing in the cambridge companion to the talmud ed martin jaffee 2007 p 39 this is attested to in numerous sources such as mishnah avot 1 1 the manner of teaching and memorization is described in b eruvin 54b in rabbinic literature this view is exemplified by the story of rabbi akiva who expounded heaps and heaps of laws from the scriptural crowns of the letters in the written torah according to traditional judaism the laws transmitted to moses contained in the written torah or chumash were written down on scrolls but god enjoined moses from writing down the explanation of these laws indeed the talmud relays that moses himself would not understand all of these interpretations nevertheless these are also called law given to moses at sinai b menahot 29b see elizabeth shanks alexander op cit see bt temurah 14b and bt gittin 60b also y megillah 4 1 saul lieberman hellenism in jewish palestine p 87 mishna avot 1 1 the remainder of chapter 1 identifies further individuals in the chain fackenheim emil l 1999 what is judaism an interpretation for the present age syracuse university press pp 68 71 isbn 978 0 8156 0623 9 introduction to mishneh torah 1 2 3 rabbi gil student proofs for the oral torah archived 2016 03 03 at the wayback machine see for an overview nathan lopes cardozo 1989 the infinite chain torah masorah and man targum press isbn 978 0944070154 aryeh kaplan 1979 the oral tradition archived 2024 11 27 at the wayback machine ch 9 in the handbook of jewish thought moznaim isbn 978 0940118492 david charles kraemer the mind of the talmud oxford university press 1990 pp 157 159 see http www tekhelet com archived 2008 01 30 at the wayback machine ptil tekhelet the talmud explains this concept entails monetary compensation in tort cases the torah s first mention of the phrase an eye for an eye a tooth for a tooth a hand for a hand a foot for a foot appears in ex 21 22 27 the talmud in bava kamma 84a based upon a critical interpretation of the original hebrew text explains that this biblical concept entails monetary compensation in tort cases additionally this law cannot be carried out in practice for both practical and ethical reasons see also parashat emor since the torah requires that penalties be universally applicable the phrase cannot be interpreted literally it would be inapplicable to blind or eyeless offenders tim hegg counting the omer an inquiry into the divergent methods of the 1st century judaisms archived 2012 07 04 at the wayback machine michaelis omer 2020 01 01 crisis discourse and framework transition in maimonides mishneh torah open philosophy 3 1 664 680 doi 10 1515 opphil 2020 0140 issn 2543 8875 see for example yigal yadin tefilin from qumran archived 2013 12 28 at the wayback machine rabbi yosef back southern mikveh on masada clay seal from second temple period unearthed schiffman lawrence texts and traditions a source reader for the study of second temple and rabbinic judaism archived 2013 12 25 at the wayback machine hoboken ktav publishing house 1998 miqsat ma ase ha torah qumran cave 4 rabbi baruch gigi 2017 the written law and the oral law etzion org il what s bothering rashi www shemayisrael com retrieved 6 april 2018 see general discussion under rabbi y kaganoff 2016 a new commentary for a changed world mishpacha com mecklenburg yaakov tzevi 1 january 2001 haketav vehakabbalah torah commentary by rabbi yaakov tzevi mecklenburg demonstrating the indivisibility of the written oral torah lambda publishers inc isbn 9657108292 parshas acharei mos kedoshim laws and decrees decrees and laws torah org torah org retrieved 6 april 2018 ken koltun fromm abraham geiger s liberal judaism indiana university press 2006 p 53 joseph a fitzmyer the impact of the dead sea scrolls paulist press 2009 p 56 lowy s 1977 the principles of samaritan bible exegesis brill archive pp 25 28 isbn 9789004049253 goldscheider calvin zuckerman alan 2004 1990 the judaic reformation as a sociopolitical process in goldscheider calvin neusner jacob eds social foundations of judaism reprint ed eugene or wipf and stock publ pp 83 93 isbn 1 59244 943 3 meyer michael a 1988 response to modernity a history of the reform movement in judaism new york oxford university press isbn 978 0195051674 daniel r langton a question of backbone contrasting christian influences upon the origins of reform and liberal judaism in england in melilah manchester journal for jewish studies 3 2004 pp 1 47 bar hayim harav david is the halacha based exclusively on the talmud bavli the chafetz chayim did not think so machon shilo retrieved 29 june 2016 rabbis kitniyot rebellion continues ynetnews archived from the original on 2022 11 19 retrieved 2017 03 22 danzger m herbert 1989 returning to tradition the contemporary revival of orthodox judaism yale university press p 101 isbn 978 0 300 10559 9 alan silverstein 2001 eli lederhendler ed who owns judaism public religion and private faith in america and israel 9780195148022 p 54 fn 56 isbn 978 0 19 514802 2 traditional material maimonides introduction to the mishnah torah english translation maimonides introduction to the commentary on the mishnah hebrew fulltext bibliography the essential talmud adin steinsaltz basic books 1984 introduction to the talmud and midrash h l strack and g stemberger fortress press the infinite chain torah masorah and man nathan t lopes cardozo targum press distributed by philipp feldheim 1989 external links edit herbermann charles ed 1913 massorah catholic encyclopedia new york robert appleton company oral law jewish encyclopedia retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title oral_torah oldid 1356478826 categories oral torah jewish law talmud hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata articles containing hebrew language text all articles with unsourced statements articles with unsourced statements from november 2023 all articles lacking reliable references articles lacking reliable references from june 2022 articles that may contain original research from september 2021 all articles that may contain original research webarchive template wayback links pages with numeric bible version references articles with unsourced statements from may 2024 articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 catholic encyclopedia with wikisource reference this page was last edited on 28 may 2026 at 01 00 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative 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