Meta tags:

Headings (most frequently used words):

organic, field, effect, transistor, contents, history, materials, device, preparation, carrier, transport, light, emitting, ofets, see, also, references,

Text of the page (most frequently used words):
the (79), #transistor (59), organic (37), field (34), diode (33), and (30), effect (29), ofets (22), for (20), doi (19), thin (18), tube (17), film (17), carrier (17), with (16), transistors (14), mobility (14), gate (13), ofet (13), cell (12), bibcode (12), emitting (11), silicon (11), light (11), device (11), edit (11), electronics (10), solar (10), based (10), are (10), this (9), single (9), materials (9), that (9), using (8), junction (8), integrated (8), transport (8), pentacene (8), used (8), wikipedia (7), from (7), devices (7), thyristor (7), mos (7), circuit (7), solution (7), can (7), layer (7), polycrystalline (7), been (7), active (7), have (7), other (6), charge (6), quantum (6), grown (6), electron (6), pmid (6), page (5), voltage (5), off (5), laser (5), metal (5), oxide (5), current (5), fet (5), electronic (5), 1002 (5), mater (5), such (5), reported (5), crystalline (5), main (5), poly (5), rubrene (5), move (5), small (5), molecules (5), which (5), polymers (5), contents (4), search (4), contact (4), flexible (4), capacitor (4), regulator (4), vacuum (4), low (4), semiconductor (4), detector (4), well (4), avalanche (4), bipolar (4), channel (4), tft (4), 2003 (4), tetracene (4), phys (4), density (4), s2cid (4), electric (4), physics (4), adv (4), research (4), development (4), through (4), has (4), its (4), experiment (4), conjugated (4), mobilities (4), result (4), one (4), substrate (4), coating (4), type (4), history (4), hide (4), sidebar (4), view (3), description (3), tunnel (3), spin (3), valve (3), relay (3), switch (3), varicap (3), tubes (3), wave (3), cavity (3), tetrode (3), hybrid (3), cascade (3), controlled (3), static (3), induction (3), dot (3), rectifier (3), schottky (3), insulator (3), cmos (3), mosfet (3), 1103 (3), rev (3), modulation (3), spectroscopy (3), issn (3), 1016 (3), pdf (3), semiconductors (3), including (3), martin (3), 2009 (3), time (3), 1063 (3), large (3), area (3), free (3), download (3), koezuka (3), tsumura (3), ando (3), tsuneya (3), polythiophene (3), performance (3), polymer (3), dielectric (3), also (3), first (3), developed (3), two (3), techniques (3), changes (3), they (3), interest (3), deposited (3), applications (3), their (3), cost (3), printing (3), technique (3), many (3), oxidation (3), tools (3), languages (2), toggle (2), table (2), conduct (2), contacts (2), about (2), privacy (2), policy (2), terms (2), use (2), was (2), categories (2), short (2), different (2), wikidata (2), articles (2), retrieved (2), hall (2), sensor (2), mercury (2), crystal (2), oscillator (2), varistor (2), power (2), video (2), lamp (2), beam (2), deflection (2), ray (2), backward (2), triode (2), photomultiplier (2), pentode (2), buck (2), boost (2), resonant (2), photodetector (2), emitter (2), turn (2), plasmonic (2), display (2), unijunction (2), surface (2), heterostructure (2), barrier (2), soc (2), system (2), programmable (2), specific (2), dimensional (2), hole (2), heterojunction (2), multi (2), photodiode (2), oled (2), transient (2), shockley (2), ballistic (2), high (2), nmos (2), heinz (2), 157406 (2), lett (2), reflectance (2), 1521 (2), 4095 (2), adma (2), advanced (2), fishchuk (2), 2013 (2), 125202 (2), physrevb (2), physical (2), review (2), both (2), manaka (2), takaaki (2), fei (2), weis (2), iwamoto (2), mitsumasa (2), 121302 (2), lin (2), flight (2), chem (2), 2005 (2), processed (2), mang (2), 2002 (2), 024313 (2), pmc (2), 1088 (2), 1468 (2), 6996 (2), 2009stadm (2), sci (2), technol (2), 024314 (2), 1986 (2), applied (2), letters (2), technological (2), what (2), 2025 (2), information (2), design (2), imperceptible (2), biocompatible (2), 499 (2), references (2), see (2), because (2), thus (2), source (2), drain (2), electrodes (2), charges (2), injected (2), gold (2), models (2), shown (2), model (2), most (2), evolution (2), years (2), graph (2), indicate (2), amorphous (2), whereas (2), best (2), propagation (2), various (2), times (2), carriers (2), probing (2), semiconducting (2), tfts (2), currently (2), values (2), inorganic (2), all (2), layers (2), processing (2), thermally (2), usually (2), onto (2), either (2), evaporation (2), electrostatic (2), lamination (2), but (2), yet (2), thickness (2), below (2), preparation (2), perylenediimides (2), show (2), tetrathiafulvalene (2), however (2), vapor (2), than (2), form (2), quinone (2), akin (2), these (2), aromatic (2), especially (2), vinylene (2), groups (2), related (2), some (2), geometry (2), top (2), appearance (2), upload (2), file (2), links (2), read (2), article (2), log (2), create (2), account (2), donate (2), menu (2), add, topic, mobile, cookie, statement, statistics, developers, code, legal, safety, disclaimers, text, available, under, additional, may, apply, site, you, agree, registered, trademark, non, profit, organization, wikimedia, foundation, inc, creative, commons, attribution, sharealike, license, rendered, parsoid, last, edited, september, 2026, utc, hidden, displays, molecular, https, org, index, php, title, organic_field, effect_transistor, oldid, 1373373897, ggnmos, planar, mtj, magnetic, squid, reed, inductor, ceramic, resonator, types, reactive, thermistor, resistor, efuse, resettable, fuse, antifuse, ferrite, connector, electrical, audio, passive, variable, digital, potentiometer, adjustable, neon, wire, chamber, geiger, müller, trigatron, thyratron, nixie, arc, krytron, ignitron, dekatron, crossatron, gas, filled, williams, camera, trochotron, storage, selectron, monoscope, magic, eye, iconoscope, charactron, cathode, vircator, twt, traveling, sutton, maser, klystron, iot, inductive, output, gyrotron, cfa, crossed, amplifier, magnetron, bwo, micropup, computron, additron, double, phototube, pmt, hexode, heptode, octode, pentagrid, nuvistor, nonode, neutron, fleming, compactron, barretter, audion, acorn, standard, switched, pump, sepic, ćuk, split, switching, dropout, linear, regulators, pixel, golay, rce, enhanced, photo, qcd, qwip, infrared, trisil, eto, resistive, opto, isolator, mct, csmt, composite, oscillistor, icl, interband, quadrac, dye, sensitized, photoelectrochemical, photoresistor, qcl, ujt, igct, commutated, gto, vcsel, vertical, triac, trancitor, sith, solaristor, scs, scr, mov, memory, memtransistor, memristor, memistor, lec, varactor, diac, chip, fpga, array, asic, application, pic, photonic, three, mixed, signal, hic, circuits, bsc, bifacial, cells, sipm, had, accumulation, josephson, sld, superluminescent, pholed, phosphorescent, stabistor, baritt, chua, geometric, photoreflector, rtd, tunneling, zener, srd, step, recovery, hjt, apd, pin, led, tvs, suppression, mim, impatt, gunn, cld, crd, constant, spad, photon, fast, selenium, diodes, dnafet, dna, alloy, eosfet, nomfet, synaptic, spacistor, oect, electrochemical, drift, bdt, collection, jlnt, junctionless, nanowire, itfet, hebt, mesfet, hbt, set, nvct, nanoscale, sit, put, point, let, jfet, diffused, darlington, bjt, native, hemt, tfet, qfet, umos, vmos, mugfet, ldmos, isfet, igbt, insulated, fgmos, floating, finfet, fin, depletion, load, complementary, chemfet, chemical, biofet, bicmos, pmos, components, hepp, aline, heil, holger, weise, wieland, ahles, marcus, schmechel, roland, von, seggern, 14611497, physrevlett, 2003phrvl, 91o7406h, davis, andrew, pye, lorelle, katz, noam, carter, kenneth, 2014, spatially, mapping, defects, amplified, 4545, 38572802, 24889350, 201400859, 2014adm, 4539d, 4539, hudgings, janice, tanase, meijer, blom, leeuw, june, s1566, 1199, 00006, local, disordered, ivan, kadashchuk, andrey, hoffmann, sebastian, athanasopoulos, stavros, genoe, bässler, köhler, anna, 0163, 1829, 2013phrvb, 88l5202f, unified, hopping, energetic, disorder, polaronic, contributions, liu, 2008, diffusionlike, migration, 2008phrvb, 78l1302m, jack, taguchi, dai, analysis, currents, method, 18459, 1021, jp908381b, 113, sirringhaus, 2425, 10232884, 200501152, 2005adm, 2411s, 2411, mcculloch, presented, 229th, acs, natl, meeting, san, diego, march, baude, ender, haase, kelley, muyres, theiss, radio, frequency, identification, circuitry, 3964, 1579554, 2003apphl, 3964b, klauk, hagen, 2010, 20396828, 1039, b909902f, 2643, reese, colin, roberts, mark, ling, bao, zhenan, 2004, s1369, 7021, 00398, today, dimitrakopoulos, malenfant, 20020116, aid, adma99, 2002adm, 99d, yamashita, yoshiro, 27877286, 5090443, 10b4313y, hasegawa, tatsuo, takeya, jun, 27877287, 5090444, 10b4314h, crystals, 1987, 704, 0379, 6779, 90964, 699, synthetic, metals, november, macromolecular, 1212, 0003, 6951, 97417, 1986apphl, 1210t, 1210, archived, december, 2020, 2019, july, original, framework, programmes, project, oleds, olets, kuang, fenglan, wang, duan, dawei, yicong, sun, xiaokang, satapathi, soumitra, annie, haoran, zheng, zhong, yufei, hanlin, 305, ifm2, 70007, 267, functional, engineering, nawrocki, robert, 2016, 1500452, 138355533, aelm, 201500452, 300, ultraflexible, skin, fit, tactile, sensors, kaltenbrunner, ultra, lightweight, plastic, 7459, 463, 2657929, 23887430, 1038, nature12314, 2013natur, 458k, 458, nature, salleo, chabinyc, yang, street, chemically, modified, interfaces, 4385, 1527691, 2002apphl, 4383s, 4383, flows, integrating, emission, german, group, olet, structure, comprises, interdigitated, positive, negative, into, leading, electroluminescence, electrons, holes, while, average, typically, calculated, function, when, input, modulated, amplitude, mars, provide, spatial, map, across, accurate, analytical, accounts, polaron, important, parameter, over, horizontal, lines, comparison, guides, competitors, reveals, comparable, approaches, experimental, were, study, transit, tof, determination, pressure, distribution, insulators, monolayer, orientational, dipolar, optical, resolved, second, harmonic, generation, trm, shg, etc, propagate, diffusion, like, trap, limited, manner, conduction, band, haynes, adopt, architecture, conducting, properties, recognized, enormously, past, ten, reasons, surge, manifold, compete, ratios, ability, shut, down, improved, significantly, case, there, now, greater, industrial, incompatible, technologies, attractions, patterned, room, temperature, combination, direct, write, makes, them, ideally, suited, realization, functions, substrates, oxidized, traditional, where, dioxide, serves, thermal, iii, much, easier, produce, relatively, poor, numerous, variations, known, manual, peeling, results, superior, more, tedious, micrometer, screen, inkjet, dip, schematic, above, mentioned, conductivity, poorly, derivatives, fullerenes, analogues, range, exceeds, hexamethylene, hmttf, those, presumably, due, higher, temperatures, grows, highest, another, popular, material, since, 1980s, 100, lower, depending, major, problem, conductors, rapid, air, preoxidized, formed, then, approach, very, newly, synthesized, tested, compounds, weekly, prominent, journals, exist, documenting, employing, tcnq, p3ht, ppv, phenylene, thienylene, polydiacetylene, polyfluorene, hexylthiophene, polythiophenes, tetracyanoquinodimethane, diindenoperylene, common, feature, inclusion, otherwise, facilitating, delocalization, orbital, wavefunctions, withdrawing, donating, attached, facilitate, researchers, able, thiophene, polymeric, mitsubishi, achieved, niche, prepared, mechanical, transfer, peeled, realize, products, fabricated, geometries, commonly, bottom, similar, methyl, methacrylate, benefits, compared, flexibility, invite, pmma, sio, biodegradable, casting, logic, total, less, scale, bar, encyclopedia, item, projects, printable, version, print, export, legacy, parser, get, shortened, url, cite, permanent, link, here, general, actions, english, talk, tiếng, việt, русский, português, 한국어, 日本語, italiano, فارسی, eesti, español, ελληνικά, deutsch, català, العربية, personal, special, pages, recent, community, portal, learn, help, contribute, random, events, navigation, jump, content,

Text of the page (random words):
xibility 2 which invite biocompatible applications 3 as of 2025 ofets have achieved some niche applications 4 history edit in 1986 mitsubishi electric researchers h koezuka a tsumura and tsuneya ando reported the first organic field effect transistor 5 6 based on a polymeric form of thiophene 7 the polythiophene as well as related polymers is a type of conjugated polymer that is able to conduct charge akin to metal oxide semiconductors some ofets are based on the thin film transistor tft model materials edit one common feature of ofet materials is the inclusion of an aromatic or otherwise conjugated π electron system facilitating the delocalization of orbital wavefunctions electron withdrawing groups or donating groups can be attached that facilitate hole or electron transport ofets employing many aromatic and conjugated materials as the active semiconducting layer have been reported including small molecules such as rubrene tetracene pentacene diindenoperylene perylenediimides tetracyanoquinodimethane tcnq and polymers such as polythiophenes especially poly 3 hexylthiophene p3ht polyfluorene polydiacetylene poly 2 5 thienylene vinylene poly p phenylene vinylene ppv the field is very active with newly synthesized and tested compounds reported weekly in prominent research journals many review articles exist documenting the development of these materials 8 9 10 11 12 rubrene based ofets show the highest carrier mobility 20 40 cm 2 v s another popular ofet material is pentacene which has been used since the 1980s but with mobilities 10 to 100 times lower depending on the substrate than rubrene 12 the major problem with pentacene as well as many other organic conductors is its rapid oxidation in air to form pentacene quinone however if the pentacene is preoxidized and the thus formed pentacene quinone is used as the gate insulator then the mobility can approach the rubrene values this pentacene oxidation technique is akin to the silicon oxidation used in the silicon electronics 8 polycrystalline tetrathiafulvalene and its analogues result in mobilities in the range 0 1 1 4 cm 2 v s however the mobility exceeds 10 cm 2 v s in solution grown or vapor transport grown single crystalline hexamethylene tetrathiafulvalene hmttf the on off voltage is different for devices grown by those two techniques presumably due to the higher processing temperatures using in the vapor transport grows 8 all the above mentioned devices are based on p type conductivity n type ofets are yet poorly developed they are usually based on perylenediimides or fullerenes or their derivatives and show electron mobilities below 2 cm 2 v s 9 device preparation edit ofet schematic thermally oxidized silicon is a traditional substrate for ofets where the silicon dioxide serves as the gate insulator the active fet layer is usually deposited onto this substrate using either i thermal evaporation ii coating from organic solution or iii electrostatic lamination the first two techniques result in polycrystalline active layers they are much easier to produce but result in relatively poor transistor performance numerous variations of the solution coating technique ii are known including dip coating spin coating inkjet printing and screen printing the electrostatic lamination technique is based on manual peeling of a thin layer off a single organic crystal it results in a superior single crystalline active layer yet it is more tedious the thickness of the gate oxide and the active layer is below one micrometer 8 carrier transport edit evolution of carrier mobility in organic field effect transistor 8 ofets adopt the architecture of thin film transistors tft with the development of the conducting polymer the semiconducting properties of small conjugated molecules have been recognized the interest in ofets has grown enormously in the past ten years the reasons for this surge of interest are manifold the performance of ofets which can compete with that of amorphous silicon a si tfts with field effect mobilities of 0 5 1 cm 2 v 1 s 1 and on off current ratios which indicate the ability of the device to shut down of 10 6 10 8 has improved significantly currently thin film ofet mobility values of 5 cm 2 v 1 s 1 in the case of vacuum deposited small molecules 13 and 0 6 cm 2 v 1 s 1 for solution processed polymers 14 have been reported as a result there is now a greater industrial interest in using ofets for applications that are currently incompatible with the use of a si or other inorganic transistor technologies one of their main technological attractions is that all the layers of an ofet can be deposited and patterned at room temperature by a combination of low cost solution processing and direct write printing which makes them ideally suited for realization of low cost large area electronic functions on flexible substrates 15 the carrier transport in ofet is specific for two dimensional 2d carrier propagation through the device various experimental techniques were used for this study such as haynes shockley experiment on the transit times of injected carriers time of flight tof experiment 16 for the determination of carrier mobility pressure wave propagation experiment for probing electric field distribution in insulators organic monolayer experiment for probing orientational dipolar changes optical time resolved second harmonic generation trm shg etc whereas carriers propagate through polycrystalline ofets in a diffusion like trap limited manner 17 they move through the conduction band in the best single crystalline ofets 8 the most important parameter of ofet carrier transport is carrier mobility its evolution over the years of ofet research is shown in the graph for polycrystalline and single crystalline ofets the horizontal lines indicate the comparison guides to the main ofet competitors amorphous a si and polycrystalline silicon the graph reveals that the mobility in polycrystalline ofets is comparable to that of a si whereas mobility in rubrene based ofets 20 40 cm 2 v s approaches that of best poly silicon devices 8 development of accurate models of charge carrier mobility in ofets is an active field of research fishchuk et al have developed an analytical model of carrier mobility in ofets that accounts for carrier density and the polaron effect 18 while average carrier density is typically calculated as function of gate voltage when used as an input for carrier mobility models 19 modulated amplitude reflectance spectroscopy mars has been shown to provide a spatial map of carrier density across an ofet channel 20 light emitting ofets edit because an electric current flows through such a transistor it can be used as a light emitting device thus integrating current modulation and light emission in 2003 a german group reported the first organic light emitting field effect transistor olet 21 the device structure comprises interdigitated gold source and drain electrodes and a polycrystalline tetracene thin film both positive charges holes as well as negative charges electrons are injected from the gold contacts into this layer leading to electroluminescence from the tetracene see also edit charge modulation spectroscopy oled organic electronics oxide thin film transistor thin film transistor references edit salleo a chabinyc m l yang m s street ra 2002 polymer thin film transistors with chemically modified dielectric interfaces applied physics letters 81 23 4383 4385 bibcode 2002apphl 81 4383s doi 10 1063 1 1527691 kaltenbrunner martin 2013 an ultra lightweight design for imperceptible plastic electronics nature 499 7459 458 463 bibcode 2013natur 499 458k doi 10 1038 nature12314 pmid 23887430 s2cid 2657929 nawrocki robert 2016 300 nm imperceptible ultraflexible and biocompatible e skin fit with tactile sensors and organic transistors advanced electronic materials 2 4 1500452 doi 10 1002 aelm 201500452 s2cid 138355533 kuang fenglan wang fei duan dawei ma yicong sun xiaokang satapathi soumitra ng annie lin haoran li zheng zhong yufei hu hanlin 2025 organic field effect transistors materials design device physics and contact engineering for high performance flexible electronics information functional materials 2 4 267 305 doi 10 1002 ifm2 70007 what are oleds and olets lamp project framework programmes for research and technological development archived from the original on 30 december 2020 retrieved 29 july 2019 tsumura a koezuka h ando tsuneya 3 november 1986 macromolecular electronic device field effect transistor with a polythiophene thin film applied physics letters 49 18 1210 1212 bibcode 1986apphl 49 1210t doi 10 1063 1 97417 issn 0003 6951 koezuka h tsumura a ando tsuneya 1987 field effect transistor with polythiophene thin film synthetic metals 18 1 3 699 704 doi 10 1016 0379 6779 87 90964 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 hasegawa tatsuo takeya jun 2009 organic field effect transistors using single crystals sci technol adv mater free download 10 2 024314 bibcode 2009stadm 10b4314h doi 10 1088 1468 6996 10 2 024314 pmc 5090444 pmid 27877287 1 2 yamashita yoshiro 2009 organic semiconductors for organic field effect transistors sci technol adv mater free download 10 2 024313 bibcode 2009stadm 10b4313y doi 10 1088 1468 6996 10 2 024313 pmc 5090443 pmid 27877286 dimitrakopoulos c d malenfant p r l 2002 organic thin film transistors for large area electronics adv mater 14 2 99 bibcode 2002adm 14 99d doi 10 1002 1521 4095 20020116 14 2 99 aid adma99 3 0 co 2 9 reese colin roberts mark ling mang mang bao zhenan 2004 organic thin film transistors mater today 7 9 20 doi 10 1016 s1369 7021 04 00398 0 1 2 klauk hagen 2010 organic thin film transistors chem soc rev 39 7 2643 66 doi 10 1039 b909902f pmid 20396828 baude p f ender d a haase m a kelley t w muyres d v theiss s d 2003 pentacene based radio frequency identification circuitry phys lett 82 22 3964 bibcode 2003apphl 82 3964b doi 10 1063 1 1579554 mcculloch i presented at the 229th acs natl meeting san diego ca march 2005 sirringhaus h 2005 device physics of solution processed organic field effect transistors adv mater 17 20 2411 2425 bibcode 2005adm 17 2411s doi 10 1002 adma 200501152 s2cid 10232884 weis martin lin jack taguchi dai manaka takaaki iwamoto mitsumasa 2009 analysis of transient currents in organic field effect transistor the time of flight method j phys chem c 113 43 18459 doi 10 1021 jp908381b manaka takaaki liu fei weis martin iwamoto mitsumasa 2008 diffusionlike electric field migration in the channel of organic field effect transistors phys rev b 78 12 121302 bibcode 2008phrvb 78l1302m doi 10 1103 physrevb 78 121302 fishchuk ivan i kadashchuk andrey hoffmann sebastian t athanasopoulos stavros genoe j bässler heinz köhler anna 2013 unified description for hopping transport in organic semiconductors including both energetic disorder and polaronic contributions pdf physical review b 88 12 125202 bibcode 2013phrvb 88l5202f doi 10 1103 physrevb 88 125202 issn 0163 1829 tanase c meijer e j blom p w m de leeuw d m june 2003 local charge carrier mobility in disordered organic field effect transistors pdf organic electronics 4 1 33 37 doi 10 1016 s1566 1199 03 00006 5 davis andrew r pye lorelle n katz noam hudgings janice a carter kenneth r 2014 spatially mapping charge carrier density and defects in organic electronics using modulation amplified reflectance spectroscopy advanced materials 26 26 4539 4545 bibcode 2014adm 26 4539d doi 10 1002 adma 201400859 issn 1521 4095 pmid 24889350 s2cid 38572802 hepp aline heil holger weise wieland ahles marcus schmechel roland von seggern heinz 2003 light emitting field effect transistor based on a tetracene thin film phys rev lett 91 15 157406 bibcode 2003phrvl 91o7406h doi 10 1103 physrevlett 91 157406 pmid 14611497 v t e electronic components semiconductor devices mos transistors transistor nmos pmos bicmos biofet chemical field effect transistor chemfet complementary mos cmos depletion load nmos fin field effect transistor finfet floating gate mosfet fgmos insulated gate bipolar transistor igbt isfet ldmos mos field effect transistor mosfet multi gate field effect transistor mugfet power mosfet thin film transistor tft vmos umos qfet tunnel field effect transistor tfet high electron mobility transistor hemt rf cmos native transistor other transistors bipolar junction transistor bjt darlington transistor diffused junction transistor field effect transistor fet junction gate fet jfet organic fet ofet light emitting transistor let pentode transistor point contact transistor programmable unijunction transistor put static induction transistor sit tetrode transistor nanoscale vacuum channel transistor nvct single electron transistor set heterojunction bipolar transistor hbt mesfet heterostructure emitter bipolar transistor hebt itfet avalanche transistor junctionless nanowire transistor jlnt schottky transistor spin transistor ballistic collection transistor ballistic deflection transistor bdt drift field transistor organic electrochemical transistor oect spacistor surface barrier transistor synaptic transistor oxide thin film transistor nomfet grown junction transistor eosfet alloy junction transistor fe fet dna field effect transistor dnafet diodes avalanche diode shockley diode selenium rectifier fast diode single photon avalanche diode spad constant current diode cld crd gunn diode varicap impatt diode metal insulator metal diode mim diode transient voltage suppression diode tvs diode laser diode ld light emitting diode led organic light emitting diode oled photodiode pin diode p n diode tunnel diode avalanche photodiode apd solar cell multi junction solar cell mj hybrid solar cell schottky junction solar cell plasmonic solar cell heterojunction solar cell hjt schottky diode step recovery diode srd zener diode resonant tunneling diode rtd photoreflector backward diode geometric diode lr diode chua s diode baritt diode stabistor phosphorescent organic light emitting diode pholed thin film diode superluminescent diode sld josephson diode hole accumulation diode had silicon photomultiplier sipm metal rectifier bifacial solar cells bsc integrated circuits hybrid integrated circuit hic mixed signal integrated circuit mos integrated circuit mos ic three dimensional integrated circuit 3d ic photonic integrated circuit pic application specific integrated circuit asic field programmable gate array fpga system on a chip soc other devices diac heterostructure barrier varactor light emitting capacitor lec memistor memristor memtransistor memory cell metal oxide varistor mov organic semiconductor photodetector silicon controlled rectifier scr silicon controlled switch scs solaristor static induction thyristor sith thyristor trancitor triac varicap vertical cavity surface emitting laser vcsel gate turn off thyristor gto integrated gate commutated thyristor igct unijunction transistor ujt quantum cascade laser qcl photoresistor quantum dot display quantum dot solar cell photoelectrochemical c...