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ense of detachment between the perpetrator whether that be the criminal organization or another individual and the victim this may help to explain vast increases in cyber crime such as these for the purpose of ideological crime or terrorism 122 in mid july 2010 security experts discovered a malicious software program that had infiltrated factory computers and had spread to plants around the world it is considered the first attack on critical industrial infrastructure that sits at the foundation of modern economies notes the new york times 123 white collar crime and corruption edit corporate crime edit main article corporate crime corporate crime refers to crimes committed either by a corporation i e a business entity having a separate legal personality from the natural persons that manage its activities or by individuals that may be identified with a corporation or other business entity see vicarious liability and corporate liability corporate crimes are motivated by either the individuals desire or the corporations desire to increase profits 124 the cost of corporate crimes to united states taxpayers is about 500 billion 124 note that some forms of corporate corruption may not actually be criminal if they are not specifically illegal under a given system of laws for example some jurisdictions allow insider trading the different businesses that organized crime figures have been known to operate is vast including but not limited to pharmacies import export companies check cashing stores tattoo parlors zoos online dating sites liquor stores motorcycle shops banks hotels ranches and plantations electronic stores beauty salons real estate companies daycares framing stores taxicab companies phone companies shopping malls jewelry stores modeling agencies dry cleaners pawn shops pool halls clothing stores freight companies charity foundations youth centers recording studios sporting goods stores furniture stores gyms insurance companies security companies law firms and private military companies 125 one example of this is a tequila factory in mexico collaborating with the organized crime group cjng 126 labor racketeering edit labor racketeering as defined by the united states department of labor is the infiltrating exploiting and controlling of an employee benefit plan union employer entity or workforce that is carried out through illegal violent or fraudulent means for profit or personal benefit 127 labor racketeering has developed since the 1930s affecting national and international construction mining energy production and transportation 128 sectors immensely 129 activity has focused on the importation of cheap or unfree labor involvement with union and public officials political corruption and counterfeiting 130 political corruption edit main article political corruption political corruption is the use of legislated powers by government officials for illegitimate private gain 131 misuse of government power for other purposes such as repression of political opponents and general police brutality is not considered political corruption neither are illegal acts by private persons or corporations not directly involved with the government an illegal act by an officeholder constitutes political corruption only if the act is directly related to their official duties forms of corruption vary but include bribery extortion cronyism nepotism patronage graft and embezzlement while corruption may facilitate criminal enterprise such as drug trafficking money laundering and human trafficking it is not restricted to these activities the activities that constitute illegal corruption differ depending on the country or jurisdiction for instance certain political funding practices that are legal in one place may be illegal in another in some cases government officials have broad or poorly defined powers which make it difficult to distinguish between legal and illegal actions worldwide bribery alone is estimated to involve over 1 trillion us dollars annually 132 133 a state of unrestrained political corruption is known as a kleptocracy literally meaning rule by thieves drug trafficking edit drug trafficking routes in mexico there are three major regions that center around drug trafficking known as the golden triangle burma laos thailand golden crescent afghanistan and central and south america there are suggestions that due to the continuing decline in opium production in south east asia traffickers may begin to look to afghanistan as a source of heroin 134 with respect to organized crime and accelerating synthetic drug production in east and southeast asia especially the golden triangle sam gor also known as the company is the most prominent international crime syndicate based in asia pacific it is made up of members of five different triads sam gor is understood to be headed by chinese canadian tse chi lop the cantonese chinese syndicate is primarily involved in drug trafficking earning at least 8 billion per year 135 sam gor is alleged to control 40 of the asia pacific methamphetamine market while also trafficking heroin and ketamine the organization is active in a variety of countries including myanmar thailand new zealand australia japan china and taiwan sam gor previously produced meth in southern china and is now believed to manufacture mainly in the golden triangle specifically shan state myanmar responsible for much of the massive surge of crystal meth in recent years 136 the group is understood to be headed by tse chi lop a chinese canadian gangster born in guangzhou china 137 tse is a former member of the hong kong based crime group the big circle gang in 1988 tse immigrated to canada in 1998 tse was convicted of transporting heroin into the united states and served nine years behind bars tse has been compared in prominence to joaquín el chapo guzmán and pablo escobar 138 the u s supply of heroin comes mainly from foreign sources which include southeast asia s golden triangle southwest asia and latin america heroin comes in two forms the first is its chemical base form which presents itself as brown and the second is a salt form that is white 134 the former is mainly produced in afghanistan and some south west countries while the latter had a history of being produced in only south east asia but has since moved to also being produced in afghanistan there is some suspicion white heroin is also being produced in iran and pakistan but it is not confirmed this area of heroin production is referred to as the golden crescent heroin is not the only drug being used in these areas the european market has shown signs of growing use in opioids on top of the long term heroin use 139 drug traffickers produce drugs in drug laboratories and drug farms a drug lab can range in size from small workshops to the size of small towns such as tranquilandia a drug farm is a place where drug crops are grown before being made into illegal narcotics a drug farm can range in size from smallholdings to large plantations in addition to drug crops it is also not uncommon for drug farms to also host livestock both to have a legal source of revenue to help disguise the dirty money and so that the livestock can provide a source of organic fertilizer such as manure for the drug crops 140 there are multiple instances where traffickers set up some of their drug farms safe houses and drug labs in remote wilderness areas 141 once produced the fully processed narcotics are then transported to more populated areas to be sold oftentimes the traffickers stationed in these remote criminal settlements sustain themselves with a combination of survival skills and with food supplies and workers being brought to them by associates the reason that traffickers have been known to establish such remote compounds is so that the surrounding area can help to provide varying degrees of natural cover additionally the traffickers may also hope that the surrounding terrain and local wildlife might serve to deter or impede either investigative authorities or rival gangs if the location of the clandestine compound were revealed while usually thought of as an urban issue drug trafficking is also known to be a problem in both suburban and rural areas as well 142 human trafficking edit main article human trafficking human trafficking is a modern form of slavery where people are forced tricked or pressured into working or doing sexual acts it can happen anywhere and affect anyone no matter their age race or background 143 sex trafficking edit main article sex trafficking human trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation is a major cause of contemporary sexual slavery and is primarily for prostituting women and children into sex industries 144 sexual slavery encompasses most if not all forms of forced prostitution 145 the terms forced prostitution or enforced prostitution appear in international and humanitarian conventions but have been insufficiently understood and inconsistently applied forced prostitution generally refers to conditions of control over a person who is coerced by another to engage in sexual activity 146 official numbers of individuals in sexual slavery worldwide vary in 2001 international organization for migration estimated 400 000 the federal bureau of investigation estimated 700 000 and unicef estimated 1 75 million 147 the most common destinations for victims of human trafficking are thailand japan israel belgium the netherlands germany italy turkey and the united states according to a report by unodc 148 illegal immigration and people smuggling edit main article people smuggling see also snakehead gang and coyotaje people smuggling is defined as the facilitation transportation attempted transportation or illegal entry of a person or persons across an international border in violation of one or more countries laws either clandestinely or through deception such as the use of fraudulent documents 149 the term is understood as and often used interchangeably with migrant smuggling which is defined by the united nations convention against transnational organized crime as the procurement in order to obtain directly or indirectly a financial or other material benefit of the illegal entry of a person into a state party of which the person is not a national 150 this practice has increased over the past few decades and today now accounts for a significant portion of illegal immigration in countries around the world people smuggling generally takes place with the consent of the person or persons being smuggled and common reasons for individuals seeking to be smuggled include employment and economic opportunity personal or familial betterment and escape from persecution or conflict contemporary slavery and forced labor edit the number of slaves today remains as high as 12 million 151 to 27 million 152 153 154 this is probably the smallest proportion of slaves to the rest of the world s population in history 155 most are debt slaves largely in south asia who are under debt bondage incurred by lenders sometimes even for generations 156 it is the fastest growing criminal industry and is predicted to eventually outgrow drug trafficking 144 157 historical origins edit nineteenth century edit during the victorian era criminals and gangs started to form organizations which would collectively become london s criminal underworld 158 criminal societies in the underworld started to develop their own ranks and groups which were sometimes called families and were often made up of lower classes and operated on pick pocketry prostitution forgery and counterfeiting commercial burglary and even money laundering schemes 158 159 unique also were the use of slang and argots used by victorian criminal societies to distinguish each other like those propagated by street gangs like the peaky blinders 160 161 one of the most infamous crime bosses in the victorian underworld was adam worth who was nicknamed the napoleon of the criminal world or the napoleon of crime and became the inspiration behind the popular character of professor moriarty 158 162 organized crime in the united states first came to prominence in the old west and historians such as brian j robb and erin h turner traced the first organized crime syndicates to the cochise cowboy gang and the wild bunch 163 164 the cochise cowboys though loosely organized were unique for their criminal operations in the mexican border in which they would steal and sell cattle as well smuggled contraband goods in between the countries 165 in the old west there were other examples of gangs that operated in ways similar to an organized crime syndicate such as the innocents gang the jim miller gang the soapy smith gang the belle starr gang and the bob dozier gang twentieth century edit tattooed yakuza gangsters donald cressey s cosa nostra model studied mafia families exclusively and this limits his broader findings structures are formal and rational with allocated tasks limits on entrance and influence on the rules established for organizational maintenance and sustainability 166 167 in this context there is a difference between organized and professional crime there is well defined hierarchy of roles for leaders and members underlying rules and specific goals that determine their behavior and these are formed as a social system one that was rationally designed to maximize profits and to provide forbidden goods albini saw organized criminal behavior as consisting of networks of patrons and clients rather than rational hierarchies or secret societies 9 10 11 the networks are characterized by a loose system of power relations each participant is interested in furthering his own welfare criminal entrepreneurs are the patrons and they exchange information with their clients in order to obtain their support clients include members of gangs local and national politicians government officials and people engaged in legitimate business people in the network may not directly be part of the core criminal organization furthering the approach of both cressey and albini ianni and ianni studied italian american crime syndicates in new york and other cities 168 169 kinship is seen as the basis of organized crime rather than the structures cressey had identified this includes fictive godparental and affinitive ties as well as those based on blood relations and it is the impersonal actions not the status or affiliations of their members that define the group rules of conduct and behavioral aspects of power and networks and roles include the following family operates as a social unit with social and business functions merged leadership positions down to middle management are kinship based the higher the position the closer the kinship relationship group assigns leadership positions to a central group of family members including fictive god parental relationship reinforcement the leadership group are assigned to legal or illegal enterprises but not both and transfer of mon...