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1891 burianosaurus callovosaurus emiliasaura muttaburrasaurus vectidromeus elasmaria rhabdodontomorpha dryomorpha sereno 1986 cumnoria draconyx hesperonyx owenodon dryosauridae ankylopollexia possible members changmiania kulindadromeus nanosaurus yandusaurus thescelosauridae paraphyletic synonyms 1 clypeodonta norman 2014 euornithopoda sereno 1986 hypsilophodontia cooper 1985 ornithopoda ˌ ɔːr n ə ˈ θ ɒ p ə d ə 2 is a clade of ornithischian dinosaurs called ornithopods ˈ ɔːr n ə θ ə ˌ p ɒ d z ɔːr ˈ n ɪ θ 3 4 they represent one of the most successful groups of herbivorous dinosaurs during the cretaceous the most primitive members of the group were bipedal and relatively small sized while advanced members of the subgroup iguanodontia became quadrupedal and developed large body size their major evolutionary advantage was the progressive development of a chewing apparatus that became the most sophisticated ever developed by a non avian dinosaur rivaling that of modern mammals such as the domestic cow they reached their apex of diversity and ecological dominance in the hadrosaurids colloquially known as duck bills before they were wiped out by the cretaceous paleogene extinction event along with all other non avian dinosaurs members are known worldwide history of research edit in 1870 thomas henry huxley listed iguanodontidae coined by edward drinker cope a year earlier 5 as one of his three families of dinosaurs alongside megalosauridae and scelidosauridae including within it the genera iguanodon hypsilophodon and hadrosaurus in addition to cetiosaurus and tentatively stenopelix 6 the term ornithopoda was erected by othniel charles marsh in 1881 as part of his then still ongoing investigation of the classification of dinosauria it was considered one of the four definite orders of dinosaurs the others being theropoda sauropoda and stegosauria hallopoda was considered a possible fifth he subdivided the order into three families camptonotidae iguanodontidae and hadrosauridae the former was a new name whereas the latter two were carried over from the nomenclatures of huxley and edward drinker cope respectively within camptonotidae he included the european hypsilophodon and three american taxa he named himself camptonotus laosaurus and nanosaurus 7 camptonotus was in 1885 renamed to camptosaurus as the original name was pre occupied by a cricket the associated family followed suit becoming camptosauridae 8 in iguanodontidae only found in europe he included iguanodon and vectisaurus in hadrosauridae he included hadrosaurus cionodon and tentatively agathaumas 7 description edit three toed feet of iguanodon ornithopoda means bird feet from the greek ornithos ornis bird and pous podos feet this is in reference to members characteristic birdlike feet 9 they were also characterized as lacking in body armour not developing a horny beak having an elongated pubis that eventually extended past the ilium and having a missing hole in the lower jaw a mandibular fenestra a variety of ornithopods and related ornithischians had thin cartilaginous plates along the outside of the ribs in some cases these plates mineralized and were fossilized the function of these intercostal plates is unknown they have been found with hypsilophodon nanosaurus parksosaurus talenkauen thescelosaurus 10 and macrogryphosaurus to date 11 the early ornithopods were only about 1 metre 3 feet long but probably very fast they had a stiff tail like the theropods to help them balance as they ran on their hind legs later ornithopods became more adapted to grazing on all fours their spines curved and came to resemble the spines of modern ground feeders such as the bison as they became more adapted to eating while bent over they became facultative quadrupeds still running on two legs and comfortable reaching up into trees but spending most of their time walking or grazing on all fours the taxonomy of dinosaurs previously ascribed to the hypsilophodontidae is problematic the group previously consisted of all non iguanodontian bipedal ornithischians but a phylogenetic reappraisal has shown such species to be paraphyletic as such the hypsilophodont family is currently represented only by hypsilophodon 12 later ornithopods became larger but never rivalled the incredible size of the long necked long tailed sauropods the very largest such as shantungosaurus were as heavy as medium sized sauropods up to 23 metric tons 25 short tons but never grew much beyond 15 metres 50 feet citation needed based on evidence derived from examination of dental microwear early ornithopods were mainly browsers or frugivores whereas larger more derived iguanodontians were bulk feeders that fed on tougher less nutritious vegetation and were able to subsist on it due to their long gut passage time 13 classification edit size of a variety of numerous ornithopods an artist s interpretation of diluvicursor an elasmarian restoration of muttaburrasaurus an early iguanodont skeleton of dysalotosaurus a dryosaurid ornithopod from the jurassic life restoration of iguanacolossus a styracosternan life restoration of amurosaurus a lambeosaurine hadrosaur and one of the last ornithopods historically most indeterminate ornithischian bipeds were lumped in as ornithopods most have since been reclassified citation needed taxonomy edit ornithopoda is usually given the rank of suborder within the order ornithischia while ranked taxonomy has largely fallen out of favour among dinosaur paleontologists some researchers have continued to employ such a classification though sources have differed on what its rank should be benton 2004 placed it as an infraorder within the suborder cerapoda originally named as an unranked clade while others such as ibiricu et al 2010 have retained it at its traditional ranking of suborder 14 iguanodontia is often listed as an infraorder within a suborder ornithopoda though benton 2004 lists ornithopoda as an infraorder and does not rank iguanodontia traditionally iguanodontians were grouped into the superfamily iguanodontoidea and family iguanodontidae however phylogenetic studies show that the traditional iguanodontids are a paraphyletic grade leading up to the hadrosaurs duck billed dinosaurs groups like iguanodontoidea are sometimes still used as unranked clades in the scientific literature though many traditional iguanodontids are now included in the more inclusive group hadrosauroidea citation needed iguanodontia was originally phylogenetically defined by paul sereno in 1998 as the most inclusive group containing parasaurolophus walkeri but not hypsilophodon foxii later in 2005 he amended the definition to include thescelosaurus neglectus as a secondary external specifier alongside hypsilophodon accounting for the paraphyletic nature of hypsilophodontidae 15 a 2017 study which named and described burianosaurus noted that the type species iguanodon bernissartensis must be part of the definition and that the 2005 definition would in their analysis include a far larger group than intended including marginocephalia they proposed an entirely new node based definition the last common ancestor of iguanodon bernissartensis dryosaurus altus rhabdodon priscus and tenontosaurus tilletti 16 in 2021 iguanodontia was given a formal definition under the phylocode the smallest clade containing dryosaurus altus iguanodon bernissartensis rhabdodon priscus and tenontosaurus tilletti provided that it does not include hypsilophodon foxii under this revised definition iguanodontia is limited to its traditionally included species and if it were found to include hypsilophodonts which were not traditionally considered iguanodontians it would become an invalid grouping 1 the slightly less inclusive clade dryomorpha was named by paul sereno in 1986 and given a formal definition in the phylocode as the smallest clade containing dryosaurus altus and iguanodon bernissartensis 1 this group includes basal members such as hesperonyx members of the family dryosauridae and the derived clade ankylopollexia 17 phylogeny edit in 2021 ornithopoda was given a formal definition under the phylocode the largest clade containing iguanodon bernissartensis but not pachycephalosaurus wyomingensis and triceratops horridus 1 the cladogram below follows a 2024 analysis of fonseca et al 17 pyrodontia thescelosauridae kulindadromeus cerapoda marginocephalia ornithopoda hypsilophodontidae gideonmantellia hypsilophodon iguanodontia rhabdodontomorpha tenontosauridae rhabdodontoidea euiguanodontia anabisetia diluvicursor gasparinisaura notohypsilophodon elasmaria iyuku dryomorpha dryosauridae cm 1949 oblitosaurus ankylopollexia references edit 1 2 3 4 madzia d arbour v m boyd c a farke a a cruzado caballero p evans d c 2021 the phylogenetic nomenclature of ornithischian dinosaurs peerj 9 e12362 doi 10 7717 peerj 12362 pmc 8667728 pmid 34966571 ornithopoda merriam webster com dictionary merriam webster oclc 1032680871 ornithopod lexico uk english dictionary oxford university press archived from the original on december 13 2021 ornithopod merriam webster com dictionary merriam webster oclc 1032680871 cope edward d 1969 synopsis of the extinct batrachia reptilia and aves of north america transactions of the american philosophical society 14 1 91 doi 10 5962 bhl title 60499 huxley thomas h 1870 on the classification of the dinosauria with observations on the dinosauria of the trias quarterly journal of the geological society of london vol 26 pp 32 51 doi 10 1144 gsl jgs 1870 026 01 02 09 via wikisource 1 2 marsh o c 1882 classification of the dinosauria american journal of science 23 133 81 86 bibcode 1882amjs 23 81m doi 10 2475 ajs s3 23 133 81 s2cid 130836648 marsh othniel c 1885 names of extinct reptiles pdf american journal of science 29 169 archived from the original pdf on july 13 2021 retrieved june 29 2019 colbert edwin h edwin harris knight charles robert 1951 the dinosaur book the ruling reptiles and their relatives new york mcgraw hill p 152 butler richard j galton peter m august 2008 the dermal armour of the ornithopod dinosaur hypsilophodon from the wealden early cretaceous barremian of the isle of wight a reappraisal cretaceous research 29 4 636 642 bibcode 2008crres 29 636b doi 10 1016 j cretres 2008 02 002 calvo j o porfiri j d novas f e 2007 discovery of a new ornithopod dinosaur from the portezuelo formation upper cretaceous neuquén patagonia argentina arquivos do museu nacional 65 4 471 483 weishampel d b heinrich r e 1992 systematics of hypsilophodontidae and basal iguanodontia dinosauria ornithopoda pdf historical biology 6 3 159 184 bibcode 1992hbio 6 159w doi 10 1080 10292389209380426 ősi attila barrett paul m nagy andrás lajos szenti imre vásárhelyi lívia magyar jános segesdi martin csiki sava zoltán botfalvai gábor jó viviána august 26 2024 trophic evolution in ornithopod dinosaurs revealed by dental wear nature communications 15 1 7330 doi 10 1038 s41467 024 51697 9 issn 2041 1723 pmc 11347701 pmid 39187477 ibiricu lucio m martínez rubén d lamanna matthew c casal gabriel a luna marcelo harris jerald d lacovara kenneth j 2010 a medium sized ornithopod dinosauria ornithischia from the upper cretaceous bajo barreal formation of lago colhué huapi southern chubut province argentina annals of carnegie museum 79 1 39 50 bibcode 2010ancm 79 39i doi 10 2992 007 079 0103 s2cid 53407321 sereno paul 2005 iguanodontia taxonsearch archived from the original on july 5 2018 retrieved july 5 2018 madzia daniel boyd clint a mazuch martin 2017 a basal ornithopod dinosaur from the cenomanian of the czech republic journal of systematic palaeontology 16 11 967 979 doi 10 1080 14772019 2017 1371258 s2cid 90008574 1 2 fonseca a o reid i j venner a duncan r j garcia m s müller r t 2024 a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis on early ornithischian evolution journal of systematic palaeontology 22 1 2346577 bibcode 2024jspal 2246577f doi 10 1080 14772019 2024 2346577 external links edit geol 104 dinosaurs a natural history ornithopoda beaks bills crests by thomas r holtz jr portal dinosaurs v t e ornithischia kingdom animalia phylum chordata class sauropsida clade avemetatarsalia clade dinosauria avemetatarsalia see avemetatarsalia ornithischia see below ornithischia ornithischia archaeocursor chilesaurus eocursor laquintasaura lesothosaurus pisanosaurus silesauridae heterodontosauridae abrictosaurus echinodon fruitadens heterodontosaurus lycorhinus manidens pegomastax tianyulong thyreophora emausaurus jakapil scelidosaurus scutellosaurus yuxisaurus parankylosauria ankylosauria see ankylosauria stegosauria see stegosauria neornithischia agilisaurus enigmacursor hexinlusaurus hypsilophodon kulindadromeus minimocursor nanosaurus phyllodon pulaosaurus sanxiasaurus xiaosaurus yandusaurus thescelosauridae albertadromeus changchunsaurus changmiania doolysaurus fona haya jeholosaurus koreanosaurus nanosaurus nevadadromeus orodromeus oryctodromeus parksosaurus thescelosaurus yueosaurus zephyrosaurus ornithopoda see ornithopoda marginocephalia ceratopsia see ceratopsia pachycephalosauria see pachycephalosauria see also nomina dubia alocodon bienosaurus craspedodon fabrosaurus ferganocephale geranosaurus gongbusaurus laosaurus notoceratops siluosaurus syngonosaurus tatisaurus tichosteus trimucrodon incertae sedis ajkaceratops chilesaurus dravidosaurus jakapil serendipaceratops other taxa ornithoscelida phytodinosauria silesauridae hypsilophodontidae jeholosauridae other articles list of stratigraphic units with ornithischian tracks v t e ornithopoda kingdom animalia phylum chordata clade dinosauria clade ornithischia clade neornithischia clade cerapoda avemetatarsalia see avemetatarsalia ornithischia see ornithischia ornithopoda see below ornithopoda ornithopoda burianosaurus callovosaurus thescelosauridae hypsilophodontidae gideonmantellia hypsilophodon vectidromeus elasmaria anabisetia atlascopcosaurus chakisaurus diluvicursor fostoria galleonosaurus gasparinisaura isasicursor kangnasaurus leaellynasaura macrogryphosaurus mahuidacursor morrosaurus muttaburrasaurus notohypsilophodon qantassaurus sektensaurus talenkauen tietasaura trinisaura weewarrasaurus rhabdodontomorpha ampelognathus emiliasaura foskeia fostoria muttaburrasaurus obelignathus tenontosauridae convolosaurus iani tenontosaurus rhabdodontidae matheronodon mochlodon pareisactus rhabdodon transylvanosaurus zalmoxes dryomorpha draconyx hesperonyx owenodon dryosauridae dryosaurus dysalotosaurus elrhazosaurus eousdryosaurus iyuku kangnasaurus valdosaurus ankylopollexia barilium bayannurosaurus calvarius camptosaurus cedrorestes cumnoria dakotadon emiliasaura fukuisaurus hippodraco iguanacolossus istiorachis lanzhousaurus lurdusaurus magnamanus napaisaurus oblitosaurus osmakasaurus planicoxa proa ratchasimasaurus riabininohadros theiophytalia uteodon hadrosauriformes bolong hypselospinus jinzhousaurus mantellisaurus morelladon ouranosaurus iguanodontidae barilium comptonatus iguanodon mantell...