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amna obliqua agassiz 1835 1 species 2 3 otodus obliquus type otodus aksuaticus otodus sokolovi otodus auriculatus otodus angustidens otodus chubutensis otodus megalodon species pending reassessment otodus debrayi otodus latidens otodus mediavus otodus hastalis otodus minor otodus naidini otodus poseidoni otodus rondelettiformis otodus limhamnensis synonyms 4 5 carcharocles hannibal jordan in jordan 1923 eocarcharodon menner 1932 subgenus procarcharodon casier 1960 megaselachus glickman 1964 otodus is an extinct cosmopolitan genus of mackerel shark which lived from the paleocene to the pliocene epochs description edit all species are known from their fossilized teeth and four of them o obliquus o auriculatus o angustidens and o megalodon are also known from their fossilized vertebral centra 6 7 like other elasmobranchs the skeletons of otodus spp were composed of cartilage resulting in relatively few preserved skeletal structures appearing within the fossil record the teeth of this shark are large with triangular crown smooth cutting edges and visible cusps on the roots a lingual tongue side view of o obliquus teeth from the eocene near khouribga morocco size estimation edit the fossils of otodus sharks indicate that they were very large macro predatory sharks 8 the largest known teeth of o obliquus measure about 104 millimetres 4 1 in in height 9 the vertebral centrum of this species are over 12 7 cm 5 inch wide 8 scientists suggest that o obliquus would have measured about 8 9 metres 26 30 ft long 8 10 other species were much larger with o auriculatus o angustidens and o chubutensis being estimated to have reached maximum body lengths of 9 5 metres 31 ft 11 12 metres 36 39 ft and 13 5 metres 44 ft respectively 10 11 studies estimating the maximum body length of o megalodon have varied stating measurements ranging from approximately 20 3 metres 67 ft 12 to 24 3 m 80 ft 13 growth and reproduction edit comparative studies of the centrum radii and growth rings on the vertebrae of o obliquus and the extant great white shark through x rays have concluded that the sizes of the vertebrae at birth are similar meaning that the offspring of both species would have the same size between 1 1 and 1 6 m 3 6 and 5 2 ft in length they also revealed that they grew at the same rate until reaching 10 years of age during which o obliquus would have become sexually mature and attained a growth rate faster than that of the extant great white shark a sexually mature individual of o obliquus would have measured about 4 m 13 ft long like the extant great white shark it is likely that males could have reached sexual maturity earlier than females 14 15 o angustidens also had a faster growth rate than the extant great white shark while o auriculatus and the extant great white shark had a similar growth rate o megalodon had a much faster growth rate nearly two times that of the extant great white but likely had an extremely delayed sexual maturity based on the result of the study that the slowing or cessation of somatic growth in megalodon occurred around 25 years of age 14 like contemporaneous sharks at least two species of otodus o angustidens and o megalodon made use of nursery areas to birth their young in specifically warm water coastal environments with large amounts of food and protection from predators 16 11 a possible nursery area of o obliquus has been discovered in the ganntour basin morocco 15 distribution edit otodus had a worldwide distribution as fossils have been excavated from africa asia europe north america south america caribbean and australia 17 18 diet edit otodus was likely the apex predator of its time and commonly preyed upon fish sea turtles cetaceans e g whales and sirenids 19 block with five o obliquus teeth from the ypresian of khouribga morocco there is also potential evidence that otodus hunted raptorial sperm whales a tooth belonging to an undetermined 4 m 13 ft long physeteroid closely resembling those of acrophyseter discovered in the nutrien aurora phosphate mine in north carolina suggests that a megalodon or o chubutensis may have aimed for the head of the sperm whale in order to inflict a fatal bite the resulting attack leaving distinctive bite marks on the tooth while scavenging behavior cannot be ruled out as a possibility the placement of the bite marks is more consistent with predatory attacks than feeding by scavenging as the jaw is not a particularly nutritious area for a shark to feed or focus on the fact that the bite marks were found on the tooth s roots further suggest that the shark broke the whale s jaw during the bite suggesting the bite was extremely powerful the fossil is also the first known instance of an antagonistic interaction between a sperm whale and an otodontid shark recorded in the fossil record 20 schwenk et al 2026 compared zinc enrichment of the enameloid of otodus obliquus and o megalodon finding evidence of higher concentrations of zinc in regions of teeth of o megalodon which were affected by high stress during feeding and finding evidence of less pronounced spatial variation of zinc in o obliquus and interpret this finding as suggestive of a shift from a fish based diet to a more marine mammal based diet during the evolutionary history of otodontid sharks 21 evolution edit life restoration of o obliquus it is widely believed that the genus originates from a lineage of sharks belonging to the genus cretalamna due to strong similarities in tooth morphology 22 scientists determined that otodus evolved into the genus carcharocles given substantial fossil evidence in the form of transitional teeth 17 8 some teeth have been excavated from the sediments of the nanjemoy formation in maryland usa ypres clay in belgium and western kazakhstan which are morphologically very similar to otodus teeth but with lightly serrated cusplets and a serrated cutting edge these transitional fossils suggest a worldwide evolutionary event and support the theory that otodus eventually evolved into otodus aksuaticus and thus initiated the carcharocles lineage 17 a more recent study of megalolamna s taxonomic relationships demonstrates the possibility that otodus needs to include the species sometimes assigned to carcharocles i e the megatoothed lineage including megalodon in order to be monophyletic 23 undescribed species edit otodus includes species that have not yet been formally described otodus debrayi edit otodus debrayi is a species known to have lived from the early eocene to middle eocene epoch this species has been found in africa north america central asia and europe dating from 47 8 to 38 million years ago 24 25 otodus poseidoni edit otodus poseidoni is a controversial species that was first described in 1999 measuring approximately 12 meters its teeth measure up to 10 cm 4 in in length some scientists consider this possible species to be a variation of otodus sokolovi otodus aksuaticus or otodus auriculatus but this remains unconfirmed 26 otodus minor edit it was described by giebel as a species of carcharodon later reclassified into otodus 27 it is considered a possible synonym of o obliquus it includes another variation named as o minor var turkmenicus or simple o m turkmenicus fossils of o minor were found in kazakhstan and are considered to be one of the first species of the genus otodus naidini edit it is a rare species known only from teeth kazakhstan 28 29 with some paleontologists suggest that o naidini is a junior synonym of o obliquus or o limhamnensis citation needed carcharocles casieri edit it is an undescribed species nomen nudum found in kazakhstan 30 considered by most paleontologists to be otodus sp citation needed see also edit prehistoric fish sharks portal paleontology portal references edit brignon arnaud 2021 historical and nomenclatural remarks on some megatoothed shark teeth elasmobranchii otodontidae from the cenozoic of new jersey u s a rivista italiana di paleontologia e stratigrafia 127 3 595 625 doi 10 13130 2039 4942 16440 ehret d j ebersole j 2014 occurrence of the megatoothed sharks lamniformes otodontidae in alabama usa peerj 2 e625 doi 10 7717 peerj 625 pmc 4201945 pmid 25332848 fabien l condamine jules romieu guillaume guinot 2019 climate cooling and clade competition likely drove the decline of lamniform sharks proceedings of the national academy of sciences 16 41 20584 20590 bibcode 2019pnas 11620584c doi 10 1073 pnas 1902693116 pmc 6789557 pmid 31548392 joseph s nelson 2006 order lamniformes fishes of the world 4th ed john wiley and sons pp 57 60 isbn 978 0 471 25031 9 jack a cooper michael j benton 2020 body dimensions of the extinct giant shark otodus megalodon a 2d reconstruction nature shimada k 2022 phylogenetic affinity of the extinct shark family otodontidae within lamniformes remains uncertain comments on list of skeletal material from megatooth sharks lamniformes otodontidae by greenfield pdf paleoichthys 6 1 5 greenfield t 2022 additions to list of skeletal material from megatooth sharks with a response to shimada 2022 pdf paleoichthys 6 6 11 1 2 3 4 renz mark 2002 megalodon hunting the hunter paleopress pp 26 30 isbn 0 9719477 0 8 huge otodus obliquus shark tooth with pathology archived from the original on july 22 2011 retrieved may 21 2011 1 2 kast emma r griffiths michael l kim sora l rao zixuan c shimada kensu becker martin a maisch harry m eagle robert a clarke chelesia a neumann allison n karnes molly e lüdecke tina leichliter jennifer n martínez garcía alfredo akhtar alliya a wang xingchen t haug gerald h sigman daniel m 22 june 2022 cenozoic megatooth sharks occupied extremely high trophic positions science advances 8 25 eabl6529 bibcode 2022scia 8l6529k doi 10 1126 sciadv abl6529 pmc 9217088 pmid 35731884 1 2 miller addison e gibson matthew l boessenecker robert w 2021 a megatoothed shark carcharocles angustidens nursery in the oligocene charleston embayment south carolina usa palaeontologia electronica 24 2 a19 doi 10 26879 1148 perez victor leder ronny badaut teddy 2021 body length estimation of neogene macrophagous lamniform sharks carcharodon and otodus derived from associated fossil dentitions palaeontologia electronica 24 1 1 28 doi 10 26879 1140 shimada kenshu motani ryosuke wood jake j sternes phillip c tomita taketeru bazzi mohamad collareta alberto gayford joel h türtscher julia jambura patrick l kriwet jürgen vullo romain long douglas j summers adam p maisey john g 2025 03 08 reassessment of the possible size form weight cruising speed and growth parameters of the extinct megatooth shark otodus megalodon lamniformes otodontidae and new evolutionary insights into its gigantism life history strategies ecology and extincti palaeontologia electronica 28 1 1 53 doi 10 26879 1502 issn 1094 8074 1 2 ehret d j 2010 macroevolution age and growth determination of the megatoothed sharks lamniformes otodontidae paleobiology and taxonomy of extinct lamnid and otodontid sharks chondrichthyes elasmobranchii lamniformes pdf pp 100 136 1 2 biton porsmoguer s 2017 posible área de reproducción de otodus obliquus lamniformes lamnidae del paleoceno en la cuenca de ganntour marruecos pimiento catalina ehret dana j macfadden bruce j hubbell gordon 2010 stepanova anna ed ancient nursery area for the extinct giant shark megalodon from the miocene of panama plos one 5 5 e10552 bibcode 2010ploso 510552p doi 10 1371 journal pone 0010552 pmc 2866656 pmid 20479893 1 2 3 bourdon jim otodus harry m maisch iv martin a becker john a chamberlain jr 2018 lamniform and carcharhiniform sharks from the pungo river and yorktown formations miocene pliocene of the submerged continental shelf onslow bay north carolina usa copeia 106 2 353 374 doi 10 1643 ot 18 016 aguilera o augilera e r d 2004 giant toothed white sharks and wide toothed mako lamnidae from the venezuela neogene their role in the caribbean shallow water fish assemblage caribbean journal of science 40 3 362 368 stephen j godfrey john r nance norman l riker 2021 otodus bitten sperm whale tooth from the neogene of the coastal eastern united states pdf acta palaeontologica polonica 66 3 599 603 schwenk luke perez victor godfrey stephen bowers geoffrey 2026 on the cutting edge otodus megalodon strengthened tooth edges through zinc incorporation in enameloid palaeontologia electronica doi 10 26879 1626 ebersole jun a ehret dana j 2018 01 08 a new species of cretalamna sensu stricto lamniformes otodontidae from the late cretaceous santonian campanian of alabama usa peerj 6 e4229 doi 10 7717 peerj 4229 issn 2167 8359 pmc 5764036 pmid 29333348 shimada k chandler r e lam o l t tanaka t ward d j 2016 10 03 a new elusive otodontid shark lamniformes otodontidae from the lower miocene and comments on the taxonomy of otodontid genera including the megatoothed clade historical biology 29 5 704 714 doi 10 1080 08912963 2016 1236795 issn 0891 2963 s2cid 89080495 white leriche 1906 carcharodon debrayi mindat org retrieved october 11 2024 leriche leriche 1906 otodus debrayi shark references retrieved october 11 2024 dead link hannibal jordan genera carcharocles elasmo com 1923 retrieved october 11 2024 kozlov v a zhelezko v i elasmobranhii i biostratigraphia paleogena zauralia i srednei asii elasmobranchii and palaeogene biostratigraphy of transural and central asia materialy po stratigrafii i paleontologii urala cite web missing or empty url help cs1 maint multiple names authors list link kozlov v a zhelezko v i elasmobranhii i biostratigraphia paleogena zauralia i srednei asii materialy po stratigrafii i paleontologii urala cite web missing or empty url help cs1 maint multiple names authors list link guinot g condamine f l climate cooling and clade competition likely drove the decline of lamniform sharks proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the united states of america cite web missing or empty url help cs1 maint multiple names authors list link kozlov v a zhelezko v i 1990 new informations about the geology of the ural western siberia and kazakhstan akad 174 181 cite journal cs1 maint multiple names authors list link taxon identifiers otodus wikidata q3293316 wikispecies otodus eol 4534780 gbif old 4824544 inaturalist 480173 irmng 1057047 open tree of life 3595198 paleobiology database 34621 retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title otodus oldid 1374072657 categories otodontidae otodus paleocene sharks eocene sharks prehistoric fish of africa fossil taxa described in 1843 prehistoric shark genera extinct apex predators taxa named by louis agassiz hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata articles with species microformats all articles with dead external links articles with dead external links from september 2025 cs1 errors requires url cs1 maint multiple names authors list all articles with unsourced statements articles with unsourced statements from april 2026 this page was last edited on 9 september 2026 at 17 25 utc page was render...