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cle about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 early life 2 nuclear physics 3 nuclear fission 4 manhattan project 5 return to england 6 retirement 7 references 8 bibliography 9 external links toggle the table of contents otto robert frisch 43 languages العربية مصرى azərbaycanca تۆرکجه беларуская български বাংলা bosanski català čeština dansk deutsch esperanto español euskara فارسی français gaeilge עברית hrvatski kreyòl ayisyen magyar interlingua bahasa indonesia italiano 日本語 한국어 latina nederlands norsk nynorsk norsk bokmål polski português română русский slovenčina српски srpski svenska türkçe українська tiếng việt მარგალური 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia austrian nuclear physicist otto robert frisch obe frs otto robert frisch s wartime los alamos id badge photo born 1904 10 01 1 october 1904 vienna austria hungary died 22 september 1979 1979 09 22 aged 74 cambridge united kingdom citizenship austria united kingdom education university of vienna known for atomic bomb awards fellow of the royal society 1 scientific career fields physics signature otto robert frisch obe frs 1 1 october 1904 22 september 1979 was an austrian physicist who worked on nuclear physics with otto stern and immanuel estermann he first measured the magnetic moment of the proton with his aunt lise meitner he advanced the first theoretical explanation of nuclear fission coining the term and first experimentally detected the fission by products later with his collaborator rudolf peierls 1 he designed the first theoretical mechanism for the detonation of an atomic bomb in 1940 2 leading the los alamos critical assemblies experiments in 1945 he oversaw the world s first prompt criticality in the dragon device 3 early life edit otto robert frisch was born in vienna in 1904 to a jewish family the son of justinian frisch a painter and auguste meitner frisch a concert pianist 4 he himself was talented at both but also shared his maternal aunt lise meitner s love of physics and commenced a period of study at the university of vienna graduating in 1926 with some work on the effect of the newly discovered electron on salts nuclear physics edit after some years working in relatively obscure laboratories in germany frisch obtained a position in hamburg under the nobel laureate scientist otto stern here he produced work on the diffraction of atoms using crystal surfaces and also proved that the magnetic moment of the proton was much larger than had been previously supposed 5 the accession of adolf hitler to the chancellorship of germany in 1933 caused otto robert frisch to make the decision to move to london where he joined the staff at birkbeck college 6 and worked with the physicist patrick maynard stuart blackett on cloud chamber technology and artificial radioactivity he followed this with a five year stint in copenhagen with niels bohr where he increasingly specialised in nuclear physics particularly in neutron physics nuclear fission edit main article discovery of nuclear fission otto frisch lise meitner and glenn seaborg during the christmas holiday in 1938 he visited his aunt lise meitner in kungälv while there she received the news that otto hahn and fritz strassmann in berlin had discovered that the collision of a neutron with a uranium nucleus produced the element barium as one of its byproducts hahn in a letter to meitner called this new reaction a bursting of the uranium nucleus frisch and meitner hypothesized that the uranium nucleus had split in two explained the process and estimated the energy released and frisch coined the term fission adopted from a process in biology to describe it 7 8 political restraints of the nazi era forced the teams of hahn and strassmann and that of frisch and meitner both of whom were jewish to publish separately hahn s paper described the experiment and the finding of the barium byproduct 9 meitner s and frisch s paper explained the physics behind the phenomenon 10 frisch went back to copenhagen where he was quickly able to isolate the pieces produced by fission reactions 11 as frisch himself later recalled a fundamental idea of the direct experimental proof of the nuclear fission was suggested to him by george placzek 12 13 many feel that meitner and frisch deserved nobel prize recognition for their contributions to understanding fission 14 in mid 1939 frisch left denmark for what he anticipated would be a short trip to birmingham but the outbreak of world war ii precluded his return with war on his mind he and the physicist rudolf peierls produced the frisch peierls memorandum at the university of birmingham which was the first document to set out a process by which an atomic explosion could be generated their process would use separated uranium 235 which would require a fairly small critical mass and could be made to achieve criticality using conventional explosives to create an immensely powerful detonation the memorandum went on to predict the effects of such an explosion from the initial blast to the resulting fallout this memorandum was the basis of british work on building an atomic device the tube alloys project and also that of the manhattan project on which frisch worked as part of the british delegation frisch and rudolf peierls worked together in the physics department at the university of birmingham 1939 40 15 he went to america in 1943 having been hurriedly made a british subject manhattan project edit main article manhattan project in 1944 at los alamos one of frisch s tasks as the leader of the critical assemblies group was to accurately determine the exact amount of enriched uranium which would be required to create the critical mass the mass of uranium which would sustain a nuclear chain reaction 16 he did this by stacking several dozen 3 cm bars of enriched uranium hydride at a time and measuring rising neutron activity as the critical mass was approached the hydrogen in the metal bars increased the time that the reaction required to accelerate one day frisch almost caused a runaway reaction by leaning over the stack which he termed the lady godiva assembly 17 his body reflected neutrons back into the stack out of the corner of his eye he saw that the red lamps that flickered intermittently when neutrons were being emitted were glowing continuously 17 realizing what was happening frisch quickly scattered the bars with his hand later he calculated that the radiation dose was quite harmless but that if he had hesitated for another two seconds before removing the material the dose would have been fatal 17 in two seconds he received by the generous standards of the time a full day s permissible dose of neutron radiation 18 in this way his experiments determined the exact masses of uranium required to fire the little boy bomb over hiroshima he also designed the dragon s tail or guillotine experiment in which a uranium slug was dropped through a hole in larger fixed mass of uranium reaching just above critical mass 0 1 for a fraction of a second 19 at the meeting to approve the experiment richard feynman commenting on the transient danger involved said it was just like tickling the tail of a sleeping dragon in the period of about 3 milliseconds the temperature rose at a rate of 2000 c per sec and over 10 15 excess neutrons were emitted 20 return to england edit left to right william penney otto frisch rudolf peierls and john cockcroft in 1946 in 1946 he returned to england to take up the post of head of the nuclear physics division of the atomic energy research establishment at harwell though he also spent much of the next thirty years teaching at cambridge where he was jacksonian professor of natural philosophy 6 and a fellow of trinity college before he retired he designed 21 a device sweepnik that used a laser and computer to measure tracks in bubble chambers seeing that this had wider applications he helped found a company laser scan limited now known as laser scan engineering ltd to exploit the idea retirement edit university of birmingham poynting physics building blue plaque he retired from the chair in 1972 as required by university regulations 21 he died on 22 september 1979 6 22 references edit 1 2 3 peierls r 1981 otto robert frisch 1 october 1904 22 september 1979 biographical memoirs of fellows of the royal society 27 283 306 doi 10 1098 rsbm 1981 0012 jstor 769874 bethe h a winter george january 1980 obituary otto robert frisch physics today 33 1 99 100 bibcode 1980pht 33a 99b doi 10 1063 1 2913924 cite journal cs1 maint deprecated archival service link malenfant r e 2005 experiments with the dragon machine inis retrieved 31 december 2024 otto robert frisch biography facts encyclopedia britannica retrieved 21 december 2023 frisch otto r stern otto 1933 über die magnetische ablenkung von wasserstoffmolekülen und das magnetische moment des protons zeitschrift für physik in german 85 1 2 4 16 bibcode 1933zphy 85 4f doi 10 1007 bf01330773 s2cid 120793548 1 2 3 gribbin j 2000 q is for quantum an encyclopedia of particle physics simon schuster p 150 isbn 978 0 684 86315 3 retrieved 4 december 2021 sullivan neil j 2016 the prometheus bomb the manhattan project and government in the dark lincoln university of nebraska press p 19 isbn 978 1 61234 890 2 rhodes richard 1986 the making of the atomic bomb new york simon schuster p 263 isbn 978 0 684 81378 3 oclc 13793436 hahn o strassmann f 1939 über den nachweis und das verhalten der bei der bestrahlung des urans mittels neutronen entstehenden erdalkalimetalle on the detection and characteristics of the alkaline earth metals formed by irradiation of uranium without neutrons naturwissenschaften in german 27 1 11 15 bibcode 1939nw 27 11h doi 10 1007 bf01488241 s2cid 5920336 the authors were identified as being at the kaiser wilhelm institut für chemie berlin dahlem received 22 december 1938 meitner lise frisch o r 1939 disintegration of uranium by neutrons a new type of nuclear reaction nature 143 3615 239 240 bibcode 1939natur 143 239m doi 10 1038 143239a0 s2cid 4113262 the paper is dated 16 january 1939 meitner is identified as being at the physical institute academy of sciences stockholm frisch is identified as being at the institute of theoretical physics university of copenhagen frisch o r 1939 physical evidence for the division of heavy nuclei under neutron bombardment nature 143 3616 276 bibcode 1939natur 143 276f doi 10 1038 143276a0 s2cid 4076376 the paper is dated 17 january 1939 the experiment for this letter to the editor was conducted on 13 january 1939 see rhodes richard 1986 the making of the atomic bomb simon and schuster pp 263 and 268 otto r frisch the discovery of fission how it all began physics today v20 n11 pp 43 48 1967 j a wheeler mechanism of fission physics today v20 n11 pp 49 52 1967 fame without a nobel prize 5 november 2015 culture trails blue plaque guide pdf university of birmingham retrieved 4 december 2021 rhodes richard 1986 the making of the atomic bomb simon and schuster pp 612 613 1 2 3 frisch otto robert 1980 what little i remember cambridge university press pp 161 162 isbn 0 52 128010 9 we were building an unusual assembly with no reflecting material around it just the reacting compound of uranium 235 for obvious reasons we called it the lady godiva assembly rhodes richard 1986 the making of the atomic bomb simon and schuster pp 610 11 isbn 9780671441333 here be dragons usdoe national nuclear security administration nnsa nuclear criticality safety program ncsp office of scientific and technical information oak ridge tn los alamos national laboratory lanl los alamos nm malenfant r 12 august 2005 experiments with the dragon machine report doi 10 2172 876514 osti 876514 s2cid 108799363 retrieved 2 october 2026 1 2 otto frisch what little i remember cambridge university press 1979 isbn 0 521 40583 1 peierls rudolf ernst 1 november 1981 otto robert frisch 1 october 1904 22 september 1979 biographical memoirs of fellows of the royal society 27 283 306 doi 10 1098 rsbm 1981 0012 issn 0080 4606 o r frisch brought to physics the approach of a craftsman he enjoyed above all doing experiments with his own hands preferably on apparatus of his own design aimed at simple basic questions this approach required the ability to think about the important problems of physics simply but deeply an ability underlying the two contributions for which he was best known his share in the explanation of the fission process and that in the recognition of the feasibility of an atomic weapon bibliography edit atomic physics today 1961 working with atoms 1965 what little i remember 1979 external links edit wikimedia commons has media related to otto frisch annotated bibliography for otto frisch from the alsos digital library for nuclear issues los alamos national laboratory on the british mission archived 9 march 2013 at the wayback machine oral history interview transcript with otto robert frisch on 8 may 1963 american institute of physics niels bohr library archives oral history interview transcript with otto robert frisch on 3 may 1967 american institute of physics niels bohr library archives on the feasibility of coal driven power stations spoof essay by frisch written in commemoration of the 70th birthday of niels bohr 7 october 1955 archived 4 january 2019 at the wayback machine works by or about otto robert frisch at the internet archive academic offices preceded by john cockcroft jacksonian professor of natural philosophy 1947 1972 succeeded by alan cook authority control databases international isni viaf gnd fast worldcat national united states france bnf data japan italy portugal netherlands norway greece sweden poland israel catalonia croatia academics cinii zbmath people trove deutsche biographie ddb other idref snac retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title otto_robert_frisch oldid 1378074118 categories 1904 births 1979 deaths 20th century austrian scientists 20th century austrian physicists jewish british physicists austrian jews british nuclear physicists austrian nuclear physicists manhattan project people people associated with the nuclear weapons programme of the united kingdom physicists of the university of birmingham academics of birkbeck university of london fellows of trinity college cambridge jacksonian professors of natural philosophy austrian refugees jews who immigrated to the united kingdom to escape nazis...