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bailang language wikipedia jump to content main menu main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 text 2 classification 3 vocabulary 4 references 5 further reading 6 external links toggle the table of contents bailang language 4 languages français မြန်မာဘာသာ português 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia redirected from pai lang language ancient tibeto burman language of china bailang pai lang native to china region western sichuan era 1st century ad language family sino tibetan tibeto burman lolo burmese bailang language codes iso 639 3 none mis glottolog pail1244 bailang or pai lang chinese 白狼 pinyin bái láng lit white wolf is the earliest recorded tibeto burman language known from three short songs totalling 44 four syllable lines recorded in a commentary on the book of the later han 1 the language is clearly either lolo burmese or closely related but as of the 1970s it presented formidable problems of interpretation which have been only partially solved 2 text edit the book of the later han compiled in the 5th century from older sources relates that the songs were recorded in western sichuan and a chinese translation presented to emperor ming of han 58 75 ad this episode is recorded in the treatise on the southern barbarians chapter which includes the chinese translation but not the original songs 3 the bailang people are described as living to the west of wenshan a mountain of the minshan range in the southern part of modern mao county 4 according to the oldest extant commentary on the book of the later han by li xian 651 684 the chinese translation was taken from the dongguan hanji which also included a transcription of the bailang version in chinese characters only a few fragments of the dongguan hanji are extant but li included this transcription in his commentary and another variant is found in the 12th century tongzhi thus in addition to the distortion inherent in transcription interpretation is complicated by the transmission history of the text and uncertainty about the pronunciation of eastern han chinese 5 several features of the text have led scholars to doubt the traditional view that the songs were translated from bailang to chinese the songs reflect a chinese world view contain many chinese words and phrases in addition to apparent loans and generally follow chinese word order in addition the chinese versions rhyme while the bailang versions generally do not most modern authors hold that the songs were composed in chinese and their words translated where possible into equivalent bailang words or phrases retaining the metrical structure of the chinese original 6 this view is disputed by christopher beckwith who claims that the bailang version shows patterns of assonance and consonance when the characters are read in a southwestern variety of eastern han chinese 7 classification edit a vocabulary of some 134 words and phrases has been extracted from the text including 21 chinese loanwords some 80 of the remaining words have been compared with varying levels of confidence to possible tibeto burman cognates 8 most authors conclude that bailang is lolo burmese 9 however coblin argues that some bailang words appear to be more conservative than reconstructed proto lolo burmese and that it is therefore likely that it was a close relative rather than an actual member of the family for example the word for gorge is transcribed with the character 龍 whose old chinese form is reconstructed by li fang kuei as gljung coblin argues that the bailang word retains the consonant cluster of proto sino tibetan klu ŋ which has been lost in proto lolo burmese loŋ 3 10 however in his abc etymological dictionary of old chinese 2007 p 363 axel schuessler reconstructs the contemporary eastern han chinese pronunciation as lioŋ and reconstructions of the pre han old chinese pronunciation by other scholars differ markedly see wiktionary vocabulary edit beckwith 2008 106 107 lists the following bailang words with clear tibeto burman etymologies bi bei to give bjar to fly ča sun či čei what which gjoʔ gjok to bend jẽw jim family home kun same together liŋŋa place direction lo lo ethnonym loʔ lok to return maʔ mak son grandson maʔ mak mother maʔ mak negative mew heaven ni nei dwell residence njiɴ heart mind pa cloth raɴ high tall roʔ rawk stone riɴ long rja hundred rwiɴ mountain sa flesh siʔ sik tree wood tʰwi sweet ti tei great big war food references edit coblin 1979 p 179 benedict 1972 p 9 coblin 1979 pp 179 180 coblin 1979 pp 181 206 coblin 1979 pp 179 184 coblin 1979 pp 195 197 beckwith 2008 pp 90 92 coblin 1979 pp 198 203 212 213 coblin 1979 p 197 coblin 1979 pp 203 204 works cited beckwith christopher i 2008 the pai lang songs the earliest texts in a tibeto burman language and their late old chinese transcriptions in beckwith christopher i ed medieval tibeto burman languages iii halle international institute for tibetan and buddhist studies gmbh pp 87 110 isbn 978 3 88280 084 5 benedict paul k 1972 sino tibetan a conspectus pdf cambridge university press isbn 978 0 521 08175 7 coblin w south 1979 a new study of the pai lang songs pdf tsing hua journal of chinese studies 12 179 216 further reading edit wu anqi 吴安其 2007 báiláng gē jiědú 白狼歌 解读 interpretation of the bailang song minzu yuwen in chinese 6 12 22 hill nathan w 2017 songs of the bailang a new transcription with etymological commentary bulletin de l école française d extrême orient 103 pp 387 429 external links edit chinese wikisource has original text related to this article treatise on the southern barbarians chinese wikisource has original text related to this article dongguan hanji texts at ctext org treatise on the southern barbarians chapter of the book of the later han containing the chinese version reconstructed dongguan hanji containing the transcribed bailang version v t e sino tibetan languages sinitic chinese mandarin yue hakka min wu hui gan xiang jin pinghua bai cai long caijia longjia luren tibeto burman bodish tibetan central amdo khams dzongkha ladakhi balti lahuli spiti kyirong kagate sherpa jirel east bodish tshangla basum nam burmo qiangic lolo burmese burmish burmese standard intha danu rakhine tavoyan achang lhao vo lashi zaiwa mondzish loloish qiangic gyalrongic ersuic naic greater magaric magaric magar kham chepangic chepang bhujel raji raute dura tandrange naga ao angami pochuri meitei tangkhulic western naga zeliangrong sal boro garo konyak jingpho luish gongduk ʼole kho bwa puroik tani chamdo tujia nungish karenic gong kathu west himalayish tamangic newaric newar baram thangmi kiranti dhimalish dhimal toto lhokpu lepcha karbi kuki chin miju mruic mru hkongso pyu taman bailang proposed groupings central tibeto burman kuki chin naga macro bai mahakiranti rung tibeto kanauri proto languages proto sino tibetan proto tibeto burman proto loloish proto karenic proto min proto hakka italics indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches v t e lolo burmese languages mondzish kathu kathu nuclear mondzish maang manga mango mantsi maza muangphe mauphu motang mongphu loloish yi ngwi southern loloish southern ngwi hanoish hanoid akha akha chepya muteun muda hani hani nuomei nuobi lami luomian angluo guohe guozuo gehuo yiche qidi kabie haoni honi woni baihong bukong budu suobi duoni duota asuo amu bisoid bisu laomian laopin pyen phunoi sinsali cantan cốông sangkong tsukong laopan laoseng phongku phongset phunyot cauho bantang khongsat habei siloid sila khir cosao paza phana wanyä akeu luma gokhy bi ka piyo enu kaduo mpi mpi jino jino central loloish central ngwi lawoish lawu awu lewu lahoish lahu kucong nusoish nusu zauzou lisoish laloid lalo western yi yangliu eka mangdi xuzhang alu taloid talu lavu lang e tagu popei naruo kua nsi kuamasi laizisi zibusi sonaga gomotage lisu toloza lipo lolopo central yi mili hlersu micha lamu limi kazhuoish katso samu sanie sadu meuma nisoish northern loloish northern ngwi nisoid nosoid nuosu northern yi nyisu yellow yi nasoid nasu eastern yi chesu luoji gepo ku aluo southeastern loloish southeastern ngwi axi puoid nisu nisu southern yi lope sani azha sani southeastern yi axi azhe azha alingpo samei highland phula khlula muji muzi moji laghuu phowa phukha thopho zokhuo riverine phula phola phupa others pholo ache long xiqi ati adu burmish northern high northern achang lashi chashan zaiwa hpon hpon mid northern lhao vo maru pela southern intha danu intha danu nuclear southern burmese rakhine tavoyan pai lang pai lang proto languages proto loloish italics indicate extinct languages retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title bailang_language oldid 1369578277 categories lolo burmese languages extinct languages of asia unsolved problems in linguistics hidden categories articles with short description short description matches wikidata language articles with unreferenced extinction date articles containing chinese language text cs1 uses chinese language script zh cs1 chinese language sources zh this page was last edited on 15 august 2026 at 21 10 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation inc a non profit organization privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers contact wikipedia legal safety contacts code of conduct developers statistics cookie statement mobile view search search toggle the table of contents bailang language 4 languages add topic