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ty of iranian peoples pan iranism persian پان ایرانیسم is a nationalist ideology that espouses the necessity of socio cultural intimacy between all iranian peoples according to the routledge handbook of persian gulf politics one important point distinguishing the radical nationalism of pan iranism from pan arab or pan turk orientations in the region is the fact that the iranian version currently does not seem to include irredentist plans in its political program rather than demanding the return the lands separated from iran in the past such as afghanistan tajikistan the republic of azerbaijan bahrain or the kurdish areas of iraq and turkey the pan iranist party emphasizes the cultural integration of the iranian civilizational basin 1 however there are some streams of this form of pan nationalism that promote irredentist views and ambitions namely by demanding the territorial unification of all iranian inhabited lands in west asia the caucasus central asia and south asia more specifically radical pan iranists typically take the view that the historic boundaries of iran such as those of the ancient achaemenid empire must be revived to the extent where iranian peoples are brought closer together under one state 2 origins and ideology edit flag of the pan iranist party iranian political scientist mahmoud afshar developed the pan iranist ideology in the early 1920s in opposition to pan turkism and pan arabism which were seen as potential threats to the territorial integrity of iran 3 he also displayed a strong belief in the nationalist character of iranian people throughout the country s long history 3 on the eve of world war i pan turkists focused on the turkic speaking lands of iran caucasus and central asia 4 the ultimate purpose was to persuade these populations to secede from the larger political entities to which they belonged and join the new pan turkic homeland 4 it was the latter appeal to iranian azerbaijanis which contrary to pan turkist intentions caused a small group of azerbaijani intellectuals to become the strongest advocates of the territorial integrity of iran 4 after the constitutional revolution in iran a romantic nationalism was adopted by azerbaijani democrats as a reaction to the pan turkist irredentist policies threatening iran s territorial integrity 4 it was during this period that iranism and linguistic homogenization policies were proposed as a defensive nature against all others 4 contrary to what one might expect foremost among innovating this defensive nationalism were iranian azerbaijanis 4 they viewed that assuring the territorial integrity of the country was the first step in building a society based on law and a modern state 4 through this framework their political loyalty outweighed their ethnic and regional affiliations 4 the adoption of these integrationist policies paved the way for the emergence of the titular ethnic group s cultural nationalism 4 geographically and culturally greater iran is generally acknowledged to include the entire iranian plateau and its bordering plains 5 extending from mesopotamia and the south caucasus in the west to the indus river in the east and from the oxus river in the north to the persian gulf and sea of oman in the south citation needed history edit pan iranist flags seen during pro mosaddegh rallies in tehran on 16 august 1953 with the collapse of the qajar dynasty which had descended into corruption and the rise of reza shah pahlavi in 1925 who began introducing secular reforms limiting the power of the shia clergy iranian nationalist and socialist thinkers had hoped that this new era would also witness the introduction of democratic reforms however such reforms did not take place this culminated in the gradual rise of a loosely organized grass roots pan iranist movement made up of nationalist writers teachers students and activists allied with other pro democracy movements citation needed in the 1940s following the anglo soviet invasion of iran the pan iranist movement gained momentum and popularity as a result of the widespread feeling of insecurity among iranians who saw the king reza shah powerless against such foreign presence in the country there were soldiers from russia england india new zealand australia and later on america present in the country especially in the capital tehran 6 the allied occupation influenced a series of student movements in 1941 one of these new groups was an underground nationalist guerrilla group called the revenge group also known as the anjoman 6 the pan iranist party was founded later on by two of the members of the revenge group and two other students in the mid to late 1940s in tehran university though the pan iranist movement had been active throughout the 1930s it had been a loosely organized grass roots alliance of nationalist writers teachers students and activists the party was the first organization to officially adopt the pan iranist position which believed in the solidarity and reunification of the iranian peoples inhabiting the iranian plateau in 1951 the party leaders mohsen pezeshkpour and dariush forouhar came to a disagreement as to how the party should operate and a division occurred the two factions greatly differed in their organizational structure and practice the pezeskpour faction which retained the party name believed in working within the system of mohammad reza pahlavi the forouhar faction which adopted a new name mellat iran nation of iran party believed in working against the system 6 iran e bozorg edit persian ایران بزرگ romanized irān e bozorg lit great iran was the name periodical published in the city of rasht by the armenian political activist gregory yeghikian armenian գրիգոր եղիկյան it advocated the unification of iranian peoples e g afghans kurds etc including the armenians yaqikiān believed that with education and the rising of the levels of people s awareness such a goal was feasible through peaceful means the journal benefited from the contributions of a number of leading intellectuals of the time including moḥammad moʿin and ʿali esfandiāri nimā yušij and carried articles poetry a serialized story and some news it also published articles in support of the kurds who had risen in rebellion in turkey which caused the protest of the turkish counsel in rasht and led to the banning of the paper by the order of the minister of court yaqikiān tried without success to have the ban removed and eventually moved to tehran where he published the paper irān e konuni 7 pan iranist organizations edit iran edit organization founding year parliament only for political parties pan iranist party 1941 1967 5 219 1968 20 1 068 aria party 1946 n a nation party of iran 1951 1979 0 73 1980 0 290 sumka 1952 n a tajikistan organization founding year parliament only for political parties democratic party 1990 2015 1 63 2020 1 63 see also edit wikimedia commons has media related to pan iranian flags greater iran history of iran iranian languages iranian nationalism iranian peoples list of ancient iranian peoples persian empire persianization further reading edit hezbe pan iranist by ali kabar razmjoo isbn 964 6196 51 9 engheta naser 2001 50 years history with the pan iranists los angeles ca ketab corp isbn 1 883819 56 3 gnoli gh iranic identity as a historical problem the beginnings of a national awareness under the achaemenians the east and the meaning of history 1992 147 167 link to precise page references edit ahmadi hamid 2020 nationalism in iran in kamrava mehran ed routledge handbook of persian gulf politics routledge pp 265 279 leonard binder ed 1999 ethnic conflict and international politics in the middle east university press of florida p 22 isbn 978 1 4039 8141 7 pan iranism had a brief ideological life among a small group of iranian fascists but has fizzled and seems unlikely to gain new life like pan turkism its essential aims are irremediably irredentist evoking images of nazi era expansionism 1 2 ahmad ashraf iranian identity in the 19th and 20th centuries encyclopedia iranica also accessible here permanent dead link excerpt afšār a political scientist pioneered systematic scholarly treatment of various aspects of iranian national identity territorial integrity and national unity an influential nationalist he also displayed a strong belief in the nationalist character of iranian people throughout the country s long history he was the first to propose the idea of pan iranism to safeguard the unity and territorial integrity of the nation against the onslaught of pan turkism and pan arabism afšār p 187 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 touraj atabaki recasting oneself rejecting the other pan turkism and iranian nationalism in van schendel willem editor identity politics in central asia and the muslim world nationalism ethnicity and labour in the twentieth century london gbr i b tauris company limited 2001 actual quote as far as iran is concerned it is widely argued that iranian nationalism was born as a state ideology in the reza shah era based on philological nationalism and as a result of his innovative success in creating a modern nation state in iran however what is often neglected is that iranian nationalism has its roots in the political upheavals of the nineteenth century and the disintegration immediately following the constitutional revolution of 1905 9 it was during this period that iranism gradually took shape as a defensive discourse for constructing a bounded territorial entity the pure iran standing against all others consequently over time there emerged among the country s intelligentsia a political xenophobia which contributed to the formation of iranian defensive nationalism it is noteworthy that contrary to what one might expect many of the leading agents of the construction of an iranian bounded territorial entity came from non persian speaking ethnic minorities and the foremost were the azerbaijanis rather than the nation s titular ethnic group the persians in the middle of april 1918 the ottoman army invaded azerbaijan for the second time contrary to their expectations however the ottomans did not achieve impressive success in azerbaijan although the province remained under quasi occupation by ottoman troops for months attempting to win endorsement for pan turkism ended in failure the most important political development affecting the middle east at the beginning of the twentieth century was the collapse of the ottoman and the russian empires the idea of a greater homeland for all turks was propagated by pan turkism which was adopted almost at once as a main ideological pillar by the committee of union and progress and somewhat later by other political caucuses in what remained of the ottoman empire on the eve of world war i pan turkist propaganda focused chiefly on the turkic speaking peoples of the southern caucasus in iranian azerbaijan and turkistan in central asia with the ultimate purpose of persuading them all to secede from the larger political entities to which they belonged and to join the new pan turkic homeland it was this latter appeal to iranian azerbaijanis which contrary to pan turkist intentions caused a small group of azerbaijani intellectuals to become the most vociferous advocates of iran s territorial integrity and sovereignty if in europe romantic nationalism responded to the damage likely to be caused by modernism by providing a new and larger sense of belonging an all encompassing totality which brought about new social ties identity and meaning and a new sense of history from one s origin on to an illustrious future 42 in iran after the constitutional movement romantic nationalism was adopted by the azerbaijani democrats as a reaction to the irredentist policies threatening the country s territorial integrity in their view assuring territorial integrity was a necessary first step on the road to establishing the rule of law in society and a competent modern state which would safeguard collective as well as individual rights it was within this context that their political loyalty outweighed their other ethnic or regional affinities the failure of the democrats in the arena of iranian politics after the constitutional movement and the start of modern state building paved the way for the emergence of the titular ethnic group s cultural nationalism whereas the adoption of integrationist policies preserved iran s geographic integrity and provided the majority of iranians with a secure and firm national identity the blatant ignoring of other demands of the constitutional movement such as the call for formation of society based on law and order left the country still searching for a political identity iran i lands of iran encyclopædia iranica 1 2 3 engheta naser 2001 50 years history with the pan iranists los angeles ca ketab corp isbn 978 1 883819 56 9 iran e kabir encyclopaedia iranica iranicaonline org external links edit pan iranism com archived 2017 09 14 at the wayback machine official pan iranist party website v t e irredentism africa mauritania morocco somalia south africa asia eastern china unification with taiwan annexation of tibet japan korea mongolia central afghanistan pashtunistan southern balochistan akhand bharat indian reunification india pakistan confederation nepal pakistan east pakistan kashmir afghanistan tamil nadu southeastern cambodia indonesia malaysia philippines thailand timor vietnam western armenia miatsum assyria azerbaijan western azerbaijan cyprus kurdistan iran iraq israel gathering of israel golan heights syria turkey aegean dispute cyprus pan turkism yemen europe eastern belarus bulgaria czechoslovakia hungary moldova poland kresy kresy myth intermarium piast concept romania unification with moldova russia annexation and occupation of crimea proposed annexation of south ossetia invasion and occupation of ukraine ukraine northern finland karelia lithuania kaliningrad southern albania unification with kosovo bosnia and herzegovina croatia galicia greece aegean dispute cyprus enosis megali idea italy corfu corsica dalmatia istria italian grisons malta nice savoy ticino north macedonia portugal olivença serbia kosovo myth partition of kosovo spain gibraltar slovenia yugoslavia western belgium celtics france wallonia germany austria annexation of austria pan germanism greater germanic reich lebensraum ireland netherlands switzerland north america canada turks and caicos islands central america mexico saint martin united states 51st state canada golden circle greenland mexico cuba dominican republic under trump oceania australia papua new guinea samoa south america argentina chile colombia venezuela related concepts border changes since 1914 partitionism reunification revanchism revisionism rump state v t e pan nationalist concepts ideas atlanticism afghan pakistani unionism austro slavism berberism bulgarian romanian unionism canada usa unionism centralamericanism czechoslovakism dutch indonesian unionism enosis estonian finnish unio...