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000 financial crisis of 33 ce crisis of the third century 235 284 ce commercial revolution 1000 1760 great bullion famine c 1400 c 1500 the great debasement 1544 1551 spanish price revolution c 1550 c 1650 dutch republic stock market crashes c 1600 1760 kipper und wipper 1621 1623 tulip mania 1637 south sea bubble 1720 mississippi bubble 1720 1st industrial revolution 1760 1840 amsterdam banking crisis of 1763 bengal bubble of 1769 1769 1784 british credit crisis of 1772 1773 dutch republic financial collapse c 1780 1795 copper panic of 1789 panic of 1792 panic of 1796 1797 danish state bankruptcy of 1813 post napoleonic irish grain price and land use shocks 1815 1816 panic of 1819 panic of 1825 panic of 1837 1840 1870 european potato failure 1845 1856 great irish famine highland potato famine panic of 1847 panic of 1857 panic of 1866 black friday 1869 2nd industrial revolution 1870 1914 panic of 1873 paris bourse crash of 1882 panic of 1884 arendal crash 1886 baring crisis 1890 encilhamento 1890 1893 panic of 1893 australian banking crisis of 1893 black monday 1894 panic of 1896 panic of 1901 panic of 1907 shanghai rubber stock market crisis 1910 panic of 1910 11 financial crisis of 1914 interwar period 1918 1939 early soviet hyperinflation 1917 1924 weimar republic hyperinflation 1921 1923 shōwa financial crisis 1927 wall street crash of 1929 panic of 1930 chinese hyperinflation 1937 1950 wartime period 1939 1945 greek hyperinflation 1941 1946 chinese hyperinflation 1937 1950 post wwii expansion 1945 1973 hungarian pengő hyperinflation 1945 1946 kennedy slide of 1962 chinese hyperinflation 1937 1950 great inflation 1973 1982 1970s energy crisis 1973 1980 1973 oil crisis 1973 1974 stock market crash secondary banking crisis of 1973 1975 steel crisis 1973 1982 latin american debt crisis 1975 1982 1976 sterling crisis 1979 oil crisis brazilian hyperinflation 1980 1982 great moderation great regression 1982 2007 brazilian hyperinflation 1982 1994 souk al manakh stock market crash 1982 chilean crisis of 1982 1983 israel bank stock crisis black saturday 1983 savings and loan crisis 1986 1995 cameroonian economic crisis 1987 2000s black monday 1987 1988 1992 norwegian banking crisis japanese asset price bubble crash 1990 1992 rhode island banking crisis 1990 1992 1991 indian economic crisis 1990 1994 swedish financial crisis 1990s finnish banking crisis 1990s armenian energy crisis cuban special period 1991 2000 black wednesday 1992 sterling crisis hyperinflation in serbia and montenegro 1992 1994 1994 bond market crisis venezuelan banking crisis of 1994 1994 papua new guinea financial crisis mexican peso crisis 1994 1996 1997 asian financial crisis october 27 1997 mini crash 1998 russian financial crisis 1998 1999 ecuador economic crisis 1998 2002 argentine great depression samba effect 1999 dot com bubble 2000 2004 9 11 stock market crash 2001 2001 turkish economic crisis south american economic crisis of 2002 stock market downturn of 2002 2002 uruguay banking crisis 2003 myanmar banking crisis 2000s energy crisis 2003 2008 2004 argentine energy crisis chinese stock bubble of 2007 hyperinflation in zimbabwe 2007 present great recession 2007 2009 2008 financial crisis september 2008 october 2008 november 2008 december 2008 2009 subprime mortgage crisis 2000s u s housing market correction u s bear market of 2007 2009 2008 latvian financial crisis 2008 2009 belgian financial crisis great recession in russia 2008 2009 ukrainian financial crisis 2008 2011 icelandic financial crisis post 2008 irish banking crisis 2008 2014 spanish financial crisis blue monday crash 2009 euro area crisis greek government debt crisis information age 2009 present 2009 dubai debt standstill venezuelan banking crisis of 2009 2010 2010 2014 portuguese financial crisis energy crisis in venezuela 2010 present syrian economic crisis 2011 present august 2011 stock markets fall 2011 bangladesh share market scam 2012 2013 cypriot financial crisis chinese banking liquidity crisis of 2013 venezuela economic crisis 2013 present 2014 brazilian economic crisis puerto rican government debt crisis 2014 2022 russian financial crisis 2014 2016 2015 16 nepal blockade 2015 2016 chinese stock market turbulence 2015 2016 stock market selloff brexit stock market crash 2016 hyperinflation in venezuela 2016 2022 2017 sri lankan fuel crisis ghana banking crisis 2017 2018 turkish economic crisis 2018 current lebanese liquidity crisis 2019 present sri lankan economic crisis 2019 2024 covid 19 pandemic financial market impact 2020 stock market crash recession chinese real estate crisis 2020 present 2021 2023 inflation surge 2022 russian financial crisis pakistani economic crisis 2021 2024 2022 stock market decline german economic crisis 2022 present 2023 united states banking crisis 2023 2024 egyptian financial crisis 2025 stock market crash list of banking crises list of economic crises list of sovereign debt crises list of stock market crashes and bear markets v t e economic history of the united states and commonwealth of nations countries commercial revolution 1000 1760 great bullion famine c 1400 c 1500 great slump 1430 1490 the great debasement 1544 1551 financial revolution 1690 1800 slump of 1706 great frost of 1709 south sea bubble 1713 1720 mississippi bubble 1717 1720 economic impact of the seven years war 1754 1763 1st industrial revolution market revolution 1760 1870 industrial revolution scotland united states wales bengal bubble of 1769 1769 1784 british credit crisis of 1772 1773 american revolutionary war inflation 1775 1783 panic of 1785 1785 1788 copper panic of 1789 panic of 1792 1789 1793 canal mania c 1790 c 1810 panic of 1796 1797 1796 1799 1802 1804 recession carolina gold rush 1802 1825 depression of 1807 1807 1810 1810s alabama real estate bubble alabama fever 1812 recession post napoleonic depression 1815 1821 1822 23 recession panic of 1825 panic of 1826 1828 29 recession georgia gold rush 1828 c 1840 1830s chicago real estate bubble 1833 34 recession panic of 1837 1836 1838 and 1839 1843 u s state defaults in the 1840s railway mania c 1840 c 1850 plank road boom 1844 c 1855 1845 46 recession panic of 1847 1847 1848 california gold rush 1848 1855 british columbia gold rushes queen charlottes gold rush 1851 fraser canyon gold rush 1858 rock creek gold rush 1859 similkameen gold rush 1860 stikine gold rush 1861 cariboo gold rush 1861 1867 wild horse creek gold rush 1863 1870 leechtown gold rush 1864 1865 big bend gold rush c 1865 omineca gold rush 1869 victorian gold rush 1851 c 1870 new south wales gold rush 1851 1880 australian gold rushes 1851 1914 1853 54 recession panic of 1857 1857 1858 pike s peak gold rush 1858 1861 pennsylvania oil rush 1859 1891 1860 61 recession colorado river mining boom 1861 1864 otago gold rush 1861 1864 u s civil war economy 1861 1865 first nova scotia gold rush 1861 1874 west coast gold rush 1864 1867 panic of 1866 1865 1867 vermilion lake gold rush 1865 1867 kildonan gold rush 1869 black friday 1869 1870 gilded age 2nd industrial revolution 1870 1914 coromandel gold rushes c 1870 c 1890 cassiar gold rush c 1870 c 1890 long depression 1873 1879 panic of 1873 black hills gold rush 1874 1880 colorado silver boom 1879 1893 western australian gold rushes c 1880 c 1900 indiana gas boom c 1880 1903 ohio oil rush c 1880 c 1930 depression of 1882 1885 panic of 1884 cayoosh gold rush 1884 witwatersrand gold rush 1886 1887 88 recession baring crisis 1890 1891 cripple creek gold rush c 1890 c 1910 panic of 1893 1893 1897 australian banking crisis of 1893 black monday 1894 panic of 1896 klondike gold rush 1896 1899 second nova scotia gold rush 1896 1903 kobuk river stampede 1897 1899 mount baker gold rush 1897 c 1925 1899 1900 recession nome gold rush 1899 1909 fairbanks gold rush c 1900 c 1930 texas oil boom 1901 c 1950 panic of 1901 1902 1904 cobalt silver rush 1903 c 1930 panic of 1907 1907 1908 porcupine gold rush 1909 c 1960 panic of 1910 11 1910 1912 financial crisis of 1914 1913 14 world war home fronts interwar period 1914 1945 world war i economy and home fronts australia canada united kingdom united states post world war i recession 1918 1919 recession of 1920 1921 1920s florida land boom c 1920 1925 roaring twenties 1923 1924 recession 1926 1927 recession great depression 1929 1939 wall street crash of 1929 panic of 1930 great contraction 1929 1933 recession of 1937 1938 australia canada india south africa united kingdom united states 1930s kakamega gold rush third nova scotia gold rush 1932 1942 world war ii home front australia canada united kingdom united states post wwii expansion 1970s stagflation 1945 1982 great compression 1945 recession recession of 1949 1948 1949 hong kong and singapore asian tiger expansions 1950 1990 1951 canada recession recession of 1953 1953 1954 recession of 1958 1957 1958 recession of 1960 1961 kennedy slide of 1962 poseidon bubble 1969 1970 recession of 1969 1970 1970s commodities boom 1973 1975 recession 1973 1974 stock market crash secondary banking crisis of 1973 1975 1970s energy crisis 1973 1980 1973 oil crisis 1979 oil crisis steel crisis 1973 1982 1976 sterling crisis silver thursday 1980 early 1980s recession 1980 1982 united states computer age second gilded age 1982 present great moderation 1982 2007 1980s oil glut black saturday 1983 new zealand property bubble c 1985 savings and loan crisis 1986 1995 black monday 1987 friday the 13th mini crash 1989 early 1990s recession 1990 1991 australia united states 1990 oil price shock rhode island banking crisis 1990 1992 1991 indian economic crisis 1990s united states boom 1991 2001 1990s india economic boom hyperinflation in zimbabwe 1991 present black wednesday 1992 1994 bond market crisis 1994 papua new guinea financial crisis dot com bubble 1995 2004 stock market downturn of 2002 1997 asian financial crisis october 27 1997 mini crash early 2000s recession 2001 9 11 stock market crash 2000s commodities boom 2000 2014 united states housing bubble 2002 2006 canadian property bubble 2002 2003 myanmar banking crisis 2000s energy crisis 2003 2008 north dakota oil boom 2006 2015 uranium bubble of 2007 great recession 2007 2009 australia and new zealand bangladesh india malaysia pakistan and sri lanka british west indies canada south africa united kingdom united states 2008 financial crisis september october november december 2009 subprime mortgage crisis 2000s u s housing market correction u s bear market of 2007 2009 2007 2010 u s bank failures corporate debt bubble 2008 blue monday crash 2009 2010 flash crash malaysia tiger cub expansion 2010s australian property bubble 2010 august 2011 stock markets fall black monday 2011 bangladesh share market scam cryptocurrency bubble 2011 puerto rican government debt crisis 2014 2022 2015 2016 stock market selloff brexit stock market crash 2016 2017 sri lankan fuel crisis ghana banking crisis 2017 2018 sri lankan economic crisis 2019 2024 covid 19 recession 2020 2022 2020 stock market crash financial market impact sectoral impacts shortages canada india malaysia new zealand united kingdom united states 2020s commodities boom global energy crisis 2021 2023 2021 united kingdom natural gas supplier crisis regional effects 2021 2023 global supply chain crisis 2021 2023 inflation surge pakistani economic crisis 2021 2024 2022 stock market decline 2022 2023 global food crises 2023 united kingdom recession 2023 united states banking crisis 2025 stock market crash countries and sectors australia rail transport slavery whaling western australia canada agriculture currencies early banking system list of recessions petroleum industry rail transport slavery technological and industrial whaling pacific northwest ghana india agriculture company rule maritime british raj deindustrialisation salt tax slavery malaysia new zealand whaling nigeria slavery pakistan maritime rail transport south africa slavery whaling uganda united kingdom agricultural revolution atlantic slave trade banking british empire english fiscal system interwar unemployment and poverty list of recessions maritime england scotland middle ages england agriculture national debt scotland agriculture middle ages rail transport pre 1830 1830 1922 1923 1947 1948 1994 1995 present slavery trade unions victorian era wales whaling scotland united states agriculture banking colonial era credit cooperatives investment banking wildcat banking business central banking coal mining indentured servitude iron and steel industry labor list of economic expansions list of recessions lumber industry maritime colonial era 1776 1799 1800 1899 1900 1999 2000 present monetary policy poverty petroleum industry oil shale public debt rail transportation slavery colonial era slavery forced labor slave trade slave markets tariffs taxation technological and industrial united states dollar whaling zimbabwe business cycle topics aggregate demand supply effective demand general glut model overproduction paradox of thrift price and wage stickiness underconsumption inflation and unemployment chronic classical dichotomy debasement debt monetization demand pull cost push built in inflation deflation disinflation full employment hyperinflation money supply demand nairu natural rate of unemployment neutrality of money phillips curve price level real and nominal value sahm rule velocity of money expansion miracle recovery stagnation interest rate nominal interest rate real interest rate yield curve inverted recession balance sheet depression global rolling shapes stagflation shock demand supply credit cycle topics financial bubble commodity booms diamond rush gold rush oil boom real estate bubble housing bubble boomtown ghost town speculation stock market bubble financial crisis bank run bank failure commodity price shocks credit crunch currency crisis debt crisis energy crisis liquidity crisis accounting capital funding market minsky moment leverage cycle stock market crash flash crash social contagion financial contagion irrational exuberance market trend proposed bubbles ai bubble ai boom fourth industrial revolution imagination age carbon bubble age of oil peak oil everything bubble green bubble social media stock bubble unicorn bubble u s higher education bubble v t e ulysses s grant 18th president of the united states 1869 1877 military career grant and the american civil war fort donelson shiloh vicksburg chattanooga overland richmond petersburg appomattox commanding generalship presidency first inauguration second inauguration scandals grantism pardons cabinet judicial appointments state of the union addresses 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 foreign policy treaty of washington alabama claims korean expedition proposed united states annexation of santo domingo economic policy public credit act of 1869 copyright act of 1870 currency act of 1870 funding act of 1870 general mining act of 1872 timber culture act specie payment resumption act desert land act gove...