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etic hormonal environmental and social factors 2 furthermore the term bisexual is sometimes defined as the romantic or sexual attraction to multiple genders 9 the bisexual resource center for example defines bisexuality as an umbrella term for people who recognize and honor their potential for sexual and emotional attraction to more than one gender 32 while the american institute of bisexuality states that the term bisexual is an open and inclusive term for many kinds of people with same sex and different sex attractions 33 and that the scientific classification bisexual only addresses the physical biological sex of the people involved not the gender presentation 31 scholar shiri eisner states that terms such as pansexual omnisexual polysexual queer etc are being used in place of the term bisexual because bisexuality it s been claimed is a gender binary and therefore oppressive word and that the great debate is being perpetuated and developed by bisexual identified transgender and genderqueer people on the one hand and non bi identified transgender and genderqueer people on the other eisner argues that the allegations of binarism have little to do with bisexuality s actual attributes or bisexual people s behavior in real life and that the allegations are a political method to keep the bisexual and transgender movements separated because of those who believe that bisexuality ignores or erases the visibility of transgender and genderqueer people 9 the american institute of bisexuality argues that terms like pansexual polysexual omnisexual and ambisexual also describe a person with homosexual and heterosexual attractions and therefore people with those labels are also bisexual and that by replacing the prefix bi two both with pan all poly many omni all ambi both and implying ambiguity in this case people who adopt these labels seek to clearly express the fact that gender does not factor into their own sexuality but this does not mean however that people who identify as bisexual are fixated on gender 33 the institute believes that the idea that identifying as bisexual reinforces a false gender binary has its roots in the anti science anti enlightenment philosophy that has ironically found a home within many queer studies departments at universities across the anglophone world and that while it is true that our society s language and terminology do not necessarily reflect the full spectrum of human gender diversity that is hardly the fault of people who choose to identify as bi the latin prefix bi does indeed indicate two or both however the both indicated in the word bisexual are merely homosexual lit same sex and heterosexual lit different sex the institute argues that heterosexuality and homosexuality by contrast are defined by the boundary of two sexes genders given those fundamental facts any criticism of bisexuality as reinforcing a gender binary is misplaced over time our society s concept of human sex and gender may well change 31 tensions with bisexuals bisexuals frequently struggle with myths and misconceptions about the definition of bisexuality such as the idea that bisexuality conforms to the gender binary thereby excluding attraction to non binary individuals or excludes attraction to trans people in general this sometimes creates tension between bisexuals and pansexuals as pansexuals often see themselves as being more inclusive to a wider array of genders 34 a 2022 study published in the journal of bisexuality suggests that the majority of women who identify as pansexual or queer defined bisexuality as limited to attraction to cisgender men and women and critiqued bisexuality as reinforcing the traditional gender binary however bisexual women defined bisexuality as attraction to two or more or similar or dissimilar genders described bisexuality as inclusive of attractions to all genders and reported negative psychological outcomes as a result of the debate around bisexual gender inclusivity 35 in another study ashley green noted that pansexual participants sought to authenticate their identity as pansexual by juxtaposing it with bisexuality often speaking of bisexuality as being inferior to pansexuality most notably because they felt it excluded individuals who did not identify within the gender binary some expressing very negative feelings toward bisexual individuals and positioning pansexuality as being the superior identity as a result of its inclusivity demonizing bisexual individuals as being transphobic if they do not identify as pansexual once they are informed that there is a better identity green notes that this does not account for the large percentage of transgender and nonbinary individuals who also identify as bisexual and characterizes these participants as contributing to a long history of biphobia while some participants spoke favorably of bisexuality describing the recognition of the validity of pansexuality as being contingent on the recognition of the validity of bisexuality green concludes by saying in borrowing narratives that they are familiar with the pansexual individuals interviewed in this study reinforced an essentialist understanding of identity despite their attempts to deconstruct gender binaries 36 couple kissing in front of a pansexual flag a 2017 study published in the journal of bisexuality found that when bisexuals and pansexuals described gender and defined bisexuality there were no differences in how pansexual and bisexual people discussed sex or gender and that the findings do not support the stereotype that bisexual people endorse a binary view of gender while pansexual people do not 37 umbrella term social psychologist corey flanders said the bisexual umbrella is a term used to describe a range of sexual identities and communities that express attraction to multiple genders often grouping those who identify as bisexual pansexual queer and fluid as well as other identities the term faces issues of balancing inclusivity with cohesiveness where on one hand the term can bring together many disparate identities and gather their experiences and on the other it can lead to too many sub groupings and exclude those who identify with more than one sexual identity 38 the term pansexuality is sometimes used interchangeably with bisexuality and similarly people who identify as bisexual may feel that gender biological sex and sexual orientation should not be a focal point in potential romantic sexual relationships 2 additionally pansexuality is often used in conjunction with bisexuality which can pose difficulties in studying differences and similarities in experiences between those who identify as pansexual and those who identify as bisexual and not pansexual 11 in one study analyzing sexual identities described as alternative terms for bisexual or bi self labels half of all bisexual and bisexual identified respondents also chose alternative self labels such as queer pansexual pansensual polyfidelitous ambisexual polysexual or personalized identities such as byke or biphilic 6 in a 2017 study identifying as pansexual was found to be most appealing to nonheterosexual women and noncisgender individuals 39 polysexuality is similar to pansexuality in definition meaning encompassing more than one sexuality but not necessarily encompassing all sexualities this is distinct from polyamory which means more than one intimate relationship at the same time with the knowledge and consent of everyone involved sexual fluidity is different from gender fluidity sexual fluidity is a concept that describes how a person s sexual identity may shift and can shift at any time 39 the american institute of bisexuality stated that the term fluid expresses the fact that the balance of a person s homosexual and heterosexual attractions exists in a state of flux and changes over time 33 eisner states that the idea of bisexuality as an umbrella term can emphasize a multiplicity of identities forms of desire lived experiences and politics and resist a single standard of defining bisexual umbrella identities and communities including pansexuality and pansexuals eisner also says that only those who want to be included under the bisexual umbrella should be included 40 the term plurisexualities is used by social psychologist nikki hayfield over bisexuality as an umbrella term to capture additional identities relating to attraction to multiple genders while also referring to specific identities like bisexual asexual and pansexual 11 in contrast to the idea of a bisexual umbrella scholars christopher belous and melissa bauman propose that pansexuality might be considered more of an umbrella term than bisexuality arguing that because pansexuality is often defined more broadly than bisexuality bisexuality may exist under the umbrella of pansexual orientations they noted that more research is necessary to clarify which of the two terms might be more appropriate as an umbrella term 41 scholar emily prior questions the use of bisexuality as an umbrella term noting that the empirical evidence just isn t there to determine whether bisexuality can effectively act as an umbrella term 42 social psychologist joye swan argues that including other orientations under the bisexual umbrella contributes to bisexual invisibility invisibility for other sexualities and presumes that all or most bisexual people agree with being categorized under the bisexual umbrella 42 demographics a 2016 harris poll survey of 2 000 us adults commissioned by glaad 43 found that among 18 34 year olds about two percent self identify as pansexual 44 and approximately one percent in all other age groups 45 in 2017 14 of a sample of 12 000 lgbtq youth between 13 and 17 years of age declared themselves pansexual in a human rights campaign university of connecticut survey 46 47 one new zealand 2019 study of a nationally representative group of bisexual and pansexual participants found that younger gender diverse and maori people were more likely to self identify as pansexual compared to bisexual 48 the 2021 ipsos survey found that the united states was the country with the highest percentage of pansexual individuals 49 see also human sexuality portal lgbtq portal demisexuality only experiencing secondary sexual attraction gender neutrality avoiding distinguishing based on gender human sexuality form in which people experience and express themselves sexually list of pansexual people list of fictional pansexual characters media portrayal of pansexuality third gender gender identity as neither man nor woman transcending boundaries conference notes another early definition was the pervasion of all conduct and experience with sexual emotions 21 references 1 2 hill marjorie j jones billy e 2002 mental health issues in lesbian gay bisexual and transgender communities washington d c american psychiatric association p 95 isbn 978 1 58562 069 2 archived from the original on 23 january 2021 retrieved 28 february 2011 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 sex and society vol 2 singapore marshall cavendish 2010 p 593 isbn 978 0 7614 7907 9 archived from the original on 4 november 2020 retrieved 28 july 2013 diamond lisa m butterworth molly september 2008 questioning gender and sexual identity dynamic links over time sex roles 59 5 6 new york city springer 365 376 doi 10 1007 s11199 008 9425 3 s2cid 143706723 pdf archived 10 november 2017 at the wayback machine the oxford dictionary of english defines pansexual as not limited in sexual choice with regard to biological sex gender or gender identity definition of pansexual from oxford dictionaries online oxford dictionaries oxford england oxford university press archived from the original on 10 february 2015 retrieved 31 may 2015 1 2 pansexuality definition meaning facts encyclopædia britannica archived from the original on 7 april 2024 retrieved 28 february 2023 1 2 firestein beth a 2007 becoming visible counseling bisexuals across the lifespan new york city columbia university press p 9 isbn 978 0 231 13724 9 archived from the original on 4 february 2021 retrieved 28 july 2013 sherwood thompson 2014 encyclopedia of diversity and social justice rowman littlefield p 98 isbn 978 1 4422 1606 8 archived from the original on 14 october 2021 retrieved 30 august 2020 there are many other identity labels that could fall under the wider umbrella of bisexuality such as pansexual omnisexual biromantic or fluid eisner 2013 1 2 soble alan 2006 bisexuality sex from plato to paglia a philosophical encyclopedia vol 1 santa barbara california greenwood publishing group p 115 isbn 978 0 313 32686 8 archived from the original on 20 september 2020 retrieved 28 february 2011 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 eisner shiri 2013 bi notes for a bisexual revolution new york city seal press pp 27 31 isbn 978 1 58005 475 1 archived from the original on 30 september 2020 retrieved 14 april 2014 mcallum mary anne 2017 young bisexual women s experiences in secondary schools routledge p 2034 isbn 978 1 351 79682 8 archived from the original on 18 august 2020 retrieved 12 may 2020 1 2 3 4 5 hayfield nikki 2020 bisexual and pansexual identities exploring and challenging invisibility and invalidation routledge pp 1 17 isbn 978 0 429 87541 0 what is omnisexual webmd retrieved 24 october 2025 o cruzeiro rj 1878 docreader web memoria bn gov br retrieved 22 april 2024 eça de queirós o primo basílio machado de assis vida e obra in portuguese archived from the original on 4 august 2023 retrieved 22 april 2024 que escreva reminiscências e alusões de um erotismo que proudhon chamaria onissexual e onímodo mendes leonardo pinto 2000 o retrato do imperador negociação sexualidade e romance naturalista no brasil in brazilian portuguese edipucrs p 30 isbn 978 85 7430 165 5 hardy m 2012 catastrophic bliss griot project book series bucknell university press p 256 isbn 978 1 61148 494 6 retrieved 19 october 2022 freud sigmund 2011 beyond the pleasure principle new york broadview press p 258 isbn 978 1 55111 994 6 nehring daniel plummer ken 2014 sociology an introductory textbook and reader taylor francis p 516 isbn 978 1 317 86173 7 alternative types of sexual orientation include those documented by queen 1997 omnisexual attracted to multiple genders and pansexual a term coined by firestone 1970 to mean diverse unbounded desire pansexual adj oed online oxford university press march 2021 www oed com view entry 136944 accessed 3 may 2021 online etymology dictionary online etymology dictionary archived from the original on 21 september 2013 retrieved 20 june 2012 the free dictionary archived 28 february 2021 at the wayback machine dot wordsworth 18 january 2020 pansexuality has been around longer than you think the spectator archived from the original on 3 may 2021 retrieved 3 may 2021 klemesrud judy 1 april 1974 the bisexuals new york vol 7 no 13 p 37 ka ahumanu lani hutchins loraine eds 2015 bi any other name bisexual people speak out 2nd ed new york riverdale avenue books p 24 isbn 978 1 62601 199 1 goldberg abbi...