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to get oxygen they extend a long snorkel to the water surface pumping air into their lungs this ability allows them to consume all the dead plant matter and turn it into nutritious fertilizer available for the plants in the area the snails themselves are also food for a variety of animals 13 14 15 among the rarest animals to inhabit the wetland of the pantanal are the marsh deer blastocerus dichotomus and the giant river otter pteronura brasiliensis parts of the pantanal are also home to the following endangered or threatened species the hyacinth macaw anodorhyncus hyacinthinus a bird endangered due to smuggling the crowned solitary eagle buteogallus coronatus the maned wolf chrysocyon brachyurus the bush dog speothos venaticus the south american tapir tapirus terrestris and the giant anteater myrmecophaga tridactyla common species in the pantanal include the capybara hydrochoerus hydrochaeris ocelot leopardus pardalis and the yacare caiman caiman yacare according to 1996 data there were 10 million caimans in the pantanal making it the highest concentration of crocodilians in the world 16 the pantanal is home to one of the largest and healthiest jaguar panthera onca populations on earth 17 there are thirteen species of herons and egrets six species of ibises and spoonbills and five species of kingfishers that use the pantanal as a breeding and feeding ground there are nineteen species of parrots documented in the pantanal including five species of macaws some migratory birds include the american golden plover peregrine falcon and the bobolink 18 most fish are detritivores primarily ingesting fine particles from sediments and plant surfaces 3 this is characteristic of fish living in south american flood plains in general fish migration between river channels and flood plain regions occurs seasonally 3 these fish have many adaptations that allow them to survive in the oxygen depleted flood plain waters 3 in addition to the caiman some of the reptiles that inhabit the pantanal are the yellow anaconda eunectes notaeus the gold tegu tupinambis teguixin the red footed tortoise geochelone carbonaria the green iguana iguana iguana and the venomous pantanal coral snake micrurus tricolor gallery edit south american tapir hyacinth macaws giant anteater jaguar capybaras marsh deer black howler monkeys southern tamandua crested caracara lesser yellow headed vulture toco toucan yacare caiman threats edit the pantanal region includes essential sanctuaries for migratory birds critical nursery grounds for aquatic life and refuges for such creatures as the yacare caiman deer and pantanal jaguar 19 most species are not under threat due to the low deforestation rates less than 17 of native vegetation now in the area due to new regulations 20 some of the causes which threaten the pantanal ecosystems are fishing commercial fishing is focused on only a few species and is probably not sustainable 21 national and international sport fishing in the paraguay river and its tributaries are the main focus for fishing activities 21 local fishing communities have been under close watch by environmentalists as well 20 cattle ranching approximately 99 of the land in the pantanal is privately owned for the purpose of agriculture and ranching even though there are some regulations on available land based on the extent of flooding during each wet season 22 9 there are 2500 fazendas in the region and up to eight million cattle 23 erosion and sedimentation caused by this activity alter the soil and hydrological characteristics of pantanal flood plain ecosystems consequently native species are threatened by the change in ecosystem variables 22 hunting poaching and smuggling of endangered species 24 reptile wildcat and parrot species are particularly at risk from the smuggling industry due to their high value on the black market uncontrolled tourism and overuse of natural resources in some areas of the pantanal particularly popular jaguar viewing sites increasing wildlife tourism has raised concerns about disturbance to animals with reports that frequent boat traffic may alter jaguar behaviour and increase habituation to humans 25 deforestation establishment of logging companies during political turmoils in the region resulted in peak deforestation rates between 1978 and 1989 many livelihoods were dependent on harvesting rubber trees as new waves of migrants arrived resulting in what is now there today 20 silt run off from deforested highlands alters soil hydrology and is a significant threat to the pantanal 19 pollution from gold mining operations and agro industry 22 the pantanal is a natural water treatment system as it removes chemicals including pollutants from water pollution from industrial development especially gold mining can harm native flora and fauna however water quality in the pantanal was not significantly degraded as of 2002 21 pollution from sewage systems and pesticides 24 movement to large scale agriculture of food crops mainly soy beans has adopted the use of large quantities of chemical pesticides and fertilizers which leach into the soil or run off to the flood plains of the pantanal 18 infrastructure development shipping canals raised roads pipelines 22 the proposed plan to dredge the paraguay and paraná rivers to allow oceangoing ships to travel 3 442 km 2 139 mi inland is of particular concern and could affect the hydrology flooding and drainage cycles of the region and therefore impact the ecosystem 24 26 forest fires in late 2020 a quarter of the wetland was destroyed by an unprecedented fire attributed to climate change an area estimated of about 19 890 square kilometres 7 681 mi 2 was razed by the fire killing millions of vertebrates 27 experts say 2020 was the most active year on record for wildfires 28 until november 2020 brazil s national institute for space research inpe had detected more than 21 200 fires in the pantanal biome a figure that is 69 higher than 2005 when the inpe recorded roughly 12 500 fires there were 8 106 fires in september 2020 alone more than four times the historic average for the month 29 climate change current predictive climate models indicate a progressive increase in the frequency of extreme events for example extreme rainfalls and extended droughts these events could affect the pantanal s ecosystem functioning amplifying and worsening human modifications of hydrological and environmental conditions in the basin 30 protected areas edit hotel sesc porto cercado in the sesc reserve a portion of the pantanal in brazil has been protected as the pantanal matogrossense national park this 1 350 km 2 520 sq mi park established in september 1981 is located in the municipality of poconé in the state of mato grosso between the mouths of the baía de são marcos and the gurupi rivers the park was designated a ramsar site of international importance under the ramsar convention on may 24 1993 encontro das águas state park and guirá state park are state parks of mato grosso in the pantanal the sesc pantanal private natural heritage reserve reserva particular do patrimonio natural sesc pantanal is a privately owned reserve in brazil established in 1998 and 878 7 km 2 339 3 sq mi in size it is located in the north eastern portion known as poconé pantanal not far from the pantanal national park it is a mix of permanent rivers seasonal streams permanent and seasonal floodplain freshwater lakes shrub dominated wetlands and seasonally flooded forests all dedicated to nature preservation and was designated a ramsar site of international importance under the ramsar convention otuquis national park and integrated management natural area and san matías integrated management natural area are protected areas of bolivia in the pantanal the entrance to otuquis national park is through the town of puerto suarez main cities edit brazil miranda mato grosso do sul aquidauana mato grosso do sul barão de melgaço mato grosso bodoquena mato grosso do sul bonito mato grosso do sul cáceres mato grosso corumbá mato grosso do sul coxim mato grosso do sul ladário mato grosso do sul poconé mato grosso bolivia puerto quijarro santa cruz puerto suárez santa cruz paraguay bahía negra alto paraguay fuerte olimpo alto paraguay see also edit wetlands portal wildlife of brazil iberá wetlands great black swamp a former wetland in ohio us references edit pantanal matogrossense ramsar sites information service retrieved 2018 04 25 el pantanal boliviano ramsar sites information service retrieved 2018 04 25 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 mcclain michael e 2002 the ecohydrology of south american rivers and wetlands international association of hydrological sciences isbn 1 901502 02 3 retrieved 2008 08 31 susan mcgrath photos by joel sartore august 2005 brazil s wild wet national geographic magazine 1 2 keddy paul fraser lauchlan 2005 the world s largest wetlands ecology and conservation cambridge university press retrieved 2008 08 31 butler rhett a january 10 2006 pantanal the world s largest wetland disappearing finds new report mongabay com retrieved 2006 01 10 the world s largest wetland the nature conservancy archived from the original on 2008 01 23 retrieved 2008 01 21 keddy paul a fraser lauchlan h solomeshch ayzik i junk wolfgang j campbell daniel r arroyo mary t k alho cleber j r january 2009 wet and wonderful the world s largest wetlands are conservation priorities bioscience 59 1 39 51 doi 10 1525 bio 2009 59 1 8 issn 1525 3244 s2cid 53536143 1 2 3 4 marengo jose a oliveira gilvan s alves lincoln m 2015 climate change scenarios in the pantanal in bergier ivan assine mario luis eds dynamics of the pantanal wetland in south america vol 37 springer international publishing pp 227 238 doi 10 1007 698_2015_357 isbn 978 3 319 18734 1 aquastat fao s information system on water and agriculture www fao org retrieved 2019 10 09 ministério do meio ambiente pantanal www mma gov br in brazilian portuguese retrieved 2019 06 14 junk wolfgang j brown mark campbell ian c finlayson max gopal brij ramberg lars warner barry g september 29 2006 the comparative biodiversity of seven globally important wetlands a synthesis aquatic sciences 68 3 400 414 bibcode 2006aqsci 68 400j doi 10 1007 s00027 006 0856 z issn 1015 1621 s2cid 24369809 fellerhoff c 2002 feeding and growth of apple snail pomacea lineata in the pantanal wetland brazil a stable isotope approach isotopes environ health stud 38 4 227 43 bibcode 2002iehs 38 227f doi 10 1080 10256010208033268 pmid 12725426 s2cid 204150084 apple snail unlikely hero of the pantanal nature box archived from the original on 2016 06 01 retrieved 2016 09 09 secrets of our living planet waterworlds enter the apple snail bbc two july 1 2012 retrieved 2016 09 09 swarts frederick a 2000 the pantanal of brazil paraguay and bolivia selected discourses on the world s largest remaining wetland system selected papers and addresses from the world conference on preservation and sustainable development in the pantanal hudson macarthur publishers p 7 isbn 978 0 9675946 0 6 restoring the jaguar corridor world wildlife foundation 2021 retrieved 2024 01 29 1 2 alho cleber j r vieira luiz m 1997 fish and wildlife resources in the pantanal wetlands of brazil and potential disturbances from the release of environmental contaminants environmental toxicology and chemistry 16 1 71 74 bibcode 1997envtc 16 71a doi 10 1002 etc 5620160107 issn 1552 8618 1 2 willink philip w 2000 a biological assessment of the aquatic ecosystems of the pantanal the university of texas isbn 978 1 881173 35 9 retrieved 2008 08 31 1 2 3 chiaravalloti rafael morais 2019 the displacement of insufficiently traditional communities local fisheries in the pantanal conservation society 17 2 173 183 doi 10 4103 cs cs_18_58 issn 0972 4923 jstor 26611743 1 2 3 mcclain michael e 2002 the ecohydrology of south american rivers and wetlands international association of hydrological sciences isbn 1 901502 02 3 retrieved 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17 million vertebrates directly killed by the 2020 s sic wildfires in the pantanal brazil scientific reports 11 1 23547 bibcode 2021natsr 1123547t doi 10 1038 s41598 021 02844 5 issn 2045 2322 pmc 8677733 pmid 34916541 arréllaga maria magdalena londoño ernesto casado letícia september 4 2020 brazil fires burn world s largest tropical wetlands at unprecedented scale the new york times issn 0362 4331 retrieved 2020 10 18 ivana kottasová henrik pettersson and krystina shveda november 13 2020 the world s largest wetlands are on fire that s a disaster for all of us cnn retrieved 2020 11 19 thielen dirk schuchmann karl ludwig ramoni perazzi paolo marquez marco rojas wilmer quintero jose isrrael marques marinêz isaac january 7 2020 quo vadis pantanal expected precipitation extremes and drought dynamics from changing sea surface temperature plos one 15 1 e0227437 bibcode 2020ploso 1527437t doi 10 1371 journal pone 0227437 issn 1932 6203 pmc 6946591 pmid 31910441 external links edit wikivoyage 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