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papae libertas ecclesiae plenitudo potestatis jus novum c 1140 1563 corpus juris canonici decretum gratiani decretist canon episcopi margaritae jus commune decretals of gregory ix decretalist regulæ juris extravagantes liber septimus jus novissimum c 1563 1918 council of trent benedictus deus tametsi apostolicae sedis moderationi jus codicis 1918 present 1917 code of canon law ecclesiae sanctae 1983 code of canon law other contractum trinius papal judge delegate right of option eastern law code of canons of the eastern churches eastern canonical reforms of pius xii nomocanon eparchy exarchate ordinariate for eastern catholic faithful protosyncellus liturgical law latin church general roman calendar ranking of liturgical days in the roman rite general instruction of the roman missal code of rubrics sacrosanctum concilium mysterii paschalis musicam sacram scripturarum thesaurus liturgiam authenticam quattuor abhinc annos ecclesia dei summorum pontificum magnum principium traditionis custodes red mass holy day of obligation sacramental law communicatio in sacris ex opere operato omnium in mentem validity and liceity sacraments holy orders impediment catholic canon law abstemius defect of birth obligation of celibacy nullity of sacred ordination apostolicae curae dimissorial letters episcopal consecrators approbation catholic canon law confession penitential canons paenitentiale theodori seal of the confessional internal and external forum note on the importance of the internal forum and the inviolability of the sacramental seal apostolic penitentiary canon penitentiary complicit absolution sacramentum poenitentiae eucharist eucharistic discipline canon 915 celebret mass stipend sacramentals indulgence indulgentiarum doctrina sacred places altars major basilica minor basilica oratory chapel sacred times feast days fast days and abstinence paenitemini holy day of obligation matrimonial law canonical form latin church tametsi ne temere banns of marriage declaration of nullity dignitas connubii matrimonial nullity trial reforms of pope francis vetitum defender of the bond impediments to marriage affinity clandestinity impediment of crime disparity of cult ligamen public propriety matrimonial dispensation ratum sed non consummatum sanatio in radice natural marriage pauline privilege petrine privilege supreme authority particular churches and canonical structures supreme authority of the church roman pontiff papal conclave college of bishops supra diocesan eparchal structures college of cardinals conference of bishops synod of bishops particular churches churches sui juris latin church eastern catholic churches local particular churches appointment of bishops abbacy nullius apostolic vicariate apostolic vicar apostolic administration apostolic administrator diocese archdiocese aeque principaliter cathedraticum in persona episcopi diocesan curia moderator of the curia chancery deanery vicar forane eparchy eparchal curia military ordinariate mission sui juris personal ordinariate anglicanorum coetibus juridic persons parish team of priests in solidum collegiate church parish register lay trusteeism roman curia dicastery congregation pontifical council personal prelature types of membership of opus dei association of the christian faithful vicar general quinquennial visit ad limina jurisprudence canonical coronation canonically crowned images computation of time custom delegata potestas non potest delegari derogation dispensation taxa innocentiana faculty indult impediment donation interpretation pontifical council for legislative texts jurisdiction peritus obreption subreption obrogation promulgation resignation of the roman pontiff sede vacante simony vacatio legis validity and liceity visitation apostolic visitor philosophy theology and fundamental theory of catholic canon law theology ecclesiology treatise on law determinatio temporal goods property benefice cathedraticum contract law mass stipend stole fee temporalities law of persons person catholic canon law formal act of defection from the catholic church canonical age emancipation exemption heresy clerics secular clergy regular clergy obligation of celibacy clerics and public office incardination and excardination laicization dispensation canonical faculties office canonical provision canonical election juridic and physical persons jus patronatus associations of the faithful consecrated life canonical documents acta apostolicae sedis acta sanctae sedis censor librorum imprimatur imprimi potest notary protonotary apostolic apostolic constitution canon concordat decree decretal encyclical motu proprio ordinance papal brief papal bull penitential positive law rescript parish register ecclesiastical latin penal law canon 1324 canon 1397 2 censure de delictis gravioribus complicit absolution crimen sollicitationis excommunication list of excommunicable offences in the catholic church list of people excommunicated by the catholic church list of cardinals excommunicated by the catholic church interdict laicization penal latae sententiae and ferendae sententiae lifetime of prayer and penance canonical admonitions ecclesiastical prison procedural law pars statica tribunals ministers parties tribunals supreme tribunal of the apostolic signatura tribunal of the roman rota apostolic penitentiary congregation for the doctrine of the faith ministers of justice judicial vicar officialis auditor parties defender of the bond procurator pars dynamica trial procedure dignitas connubii matrimonial causes appeal as from an abuse presumption penal procedure vos estis lux mundi canonization congregation for the causes of saints maiorem hac dilectionem advocatus diaboli oblatio vitae positio beatification and canonization process in 1914 election of the roman pontiff current law universi dominici gregis papal renunciation reforms of pope benedict xvi historical cum proxime jus exclusivae papal appointment aeterni patris filius romano pontifici eligendo ingravescentem aetatem ubi periculum quia propter legal practice and scholarship list of legal abbreviations academic degrees licentiate of canon law doctor of canon law doctor of both laws journals and professional societies canon law society of america the jurist faculties of canon law catholic university of america school of canon law canonists medieval gratian hostiensis jean lemoine raymond of peñafort rufinus johannes teutonicus geoffrey of trani burchard of worms brocard modern contemporary eugenio corecco john d faris pietro gasparri ladislas orsy edward n peters law of consecrated life solemn vow exclaustration manifestation of conscience canonical erection of a house of religious pontifical right diocesan right congregation for institutes of consecrated life and societies of apostolic life institute of consecrated life religious institute congregation order monasticism canons regular mendicant orders clerics regular secular institute cum sanctissimus primo feliciter provida mater ecclesia society of apostolic life decretum laudis catholic church portal law portal v t e history edit printed text of pope leo x s exsurge domine issued in june 1520 the latin printed text reads bulla contra errores martini lutheri et sequacium lit bull against the errors of martin luther and his followers papal bulls have been in use at least since the 6th century but the phrase was not used until around the end of the 13th century and then only internally for unofficial administrative purposes however it had become official by the 15th century when one of the offices of the apostolic chancery was named the register of bulls registrum bullarum 1 by the accession of pope leo ix in 1048 a clear distinction developed between two classes of bulls of greater and less solemnity the majority of the great bulls now in existence are in the nature of confirmations of property or charters of protection accorded to monasteries and religious institutions in an era when there was much fabrication of such documents those who procured bulls from rome wished to ensure that the authenticity of their bull was above suspicion a papal confirmation under certain conditions could be pleaded as itself constituting sufficient evidence of title in cases where the original deed had been lost or destroyed 1 since the 12th century papal bulls have carried a leaden seal with the heads of the apostles saint peter and saint paul on one side and the pope s name on the other papal bulls were originally issued by the pope for many kinds of communication of a public nature but by the 13th century papal bulls were only used for the most formal or solemn of occasions 2 papyrus seems to have been used almost uniformly as the material for these documents until the early years of the eleventh century after which it was rapidly superseded by a rough kind of parchment 1 modern scholars have retroactively used the word bull to describe any elaborate papal document issued in the form of a decree or privilege solemn or simple and to some less elaborate ones issued in the form of a letter popularly the name is used for any papal document that contains a metal seal today the bull is the only written communication in which the pope will refer to himself as episcopus servus servorum dei bishop servant of the servants of god 3 while papal bulls used to always bear a metal seal they now do so only on the most solemn occasions a papal bull is today the most formal type of public decree or letters patent issued by the vatican chancery in the name of the pope format edit a bull s format formerly began with one line in tall elongated letters containing three elements the pope s name the papal title episcopus servus servorum dei bishop servant of the servants of god and its incipit i e the first few latin words from which the bull took its title for record keeping purposes but which might not be directly indicative of the bull s purpose the body of the text was often very simple in layout and it had no specific conventions for its formatting the closing section consisted of a short datum that mentioned the place of issuance day of the month and year of the pope s pontificate on which issued and signatures near which was attached the seal for the most solemn bulls the pope signed the document himself in which case he used the formula ego n catholicae ecclesiae episcopus i n bishop of the catholic church following the signature in this case would be an elaborate monogram the signatures of any witnesses and then the seal in modern times a member of the roman curia signs the document on behalf of the pope usually the cardinal secretary of state and thus the monogram is omitted seal edit a lead bulla obverse and reverse of gregory ix pope 1227 to 1241 the most distinctive characteristic of a bull was the metal seal bulla which was usually made of lead but on very solemn occasions was made of gold as those on byzantine imperial instruments often were see golden bull on the obverse it depicted originally somewhat crudely the early fathers of the church of rome the apostles saint peter and saint paul identified by the letters spa spe or spaspe standing for sanctus paulus and sanctus petrus st paul on the left was shown with flowing hair and a long pointed beard composed of curved lines st peter on the right was shown with curly hair and a shorter beard made of dome shaped globetti beads in relief each head was surrounded by a circle of globetti and the rim of the seal was surrounded by an additional ring of such beads while the heads themselves were separated by a depiction of a cross 4 on the reverse was the name of the issuing pope in the nominative latin form with the letters pp for pastor pastorum shepherd of shepherds this disc was then attached to the document either by cords of hemp in the case of letters of justice and executory letters or by red and yellow silk in the case of letters of grace that was looped through slits in the vellum of the document the term bulla derives from the latin bullire to boil and alludes to the fact that whether of wax lead or gold the material making the seal had to be melted to soften it for impression in 1535 the florentine engraver benvenuto cellini was paid 50 scudi to recreate the metal matrix which would be used to impress the lead bullae of pope paul iii cellini retained definitive iconographic items like the faces of the two apostles but he carved them with a much greater attention to detail and artistic sensibility than had previously been in evidence on the reverse of the seal he added several fleurs de lis a heraldic device of the farnese family from which pope paul iii descended since the late 18th century the lead bulla has been replaced with a red ink stamp of saints peter and paul with the reigning pope s name encircling the picture though very formal letters e g the bull of pope john xxiii convoking the second vatican council still receive the leaden seal original papal bulls exist in quantity only after the 11th century onward when the transition from fragile papyrus to the more durable parchment was made none survives in entirety from before 819 some original lead bullae still survive from as early as the 6th century from a series of 1545 woodcuts usually referred to as the papstspotbilder or papstspottbilder 5 by lucas cranach commissioned by martin luther 6 kissing the pope s feet 7 german peasants respond to a papal bull of pope paul iii the caption reads don t frighten us pope with your ban and don t be such a furious man otherwise we shall turn around and show you our rears 8 9 content edit main article list of papal bulls in terms of content the bull is simply the format in which a decree of the pope appears any subject may be treated in a bull and many were and are including statutory decrees episcopal appointments dispensations excommunications apostolic constitutions canonizations and convocations 10 11 the bull was the exclusive letter format from the vatican until the 14th century when the papal brief appeared the brief is the less formal form of papal communication and was authenticated with a wax impression now a red ink impression of the ring of the fisherman 1 12 see also edit abbreviator bull of the crusade canonical coronation edict encyclical fatwa golden bull heirloom seal of the realm great seal of the realm letters patent papal brief proclamation rota papal signature notes edit 1 2 3 4 one or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain thurston herbert 1908 bulls and briefs in herbermann charles ed catholic encyclopedia vol 3 new york robert appleton company papal bull encyclopædia britannica 10 january 2020 retrieved 7 july 2012 mann stephanie a 1 september 2016 what is a papal bull our sunday visitor archived from the original on 12 january 2020 retrieved 23 august 2017 botsford george willis botsford jay barrett 1922 a brief history of the world with especial reference to social and ec...