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ntable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia type of electric lamp this article needs more citations please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed find sources parabolic aluminized reflector news newspapers books scholar jstor may 2012 learn how and when to remove this message a par 30 fixture on small stand with a frost diffusion material loaded into its gel frame 20 par cans a parabolic aluminized reflector lamp par lamp or simply par is a type of electric lamp that is widely used in commercial residential and transportation illumination it produces a highly directional beam usage includes theatrical lighting locomotive headlamps aircraft landing lights and residential and commercial recessed lights cans in the united states many par lamps are of the sealed beam variety with a parabolic reflector one or more filaments and a glass or plastic lens sealed permanently together as a unit originally introduced for road vehicle headlamp service sealed beams have since been applied elsewhere halogen sealed beam lamps incorporate a halogen lamp within a quartz or hard glass envelope construction edit sealed beam par lamp when the lamp burns out or breaks the whole assembly must be replaced a par lamp consists of a light source with lens and a parabolic reflector with a smooth aluminium surface determining the spread of the beam the most common sealed beam type combines these three elements into an integral unit the light source usually approximates a point source that can be focused on tungsten filaments and halogen lamps are common but some theatrical usage that requires a higher color temperature may use hydrargyrum medium arc iodide hmi instead sizes edit par lamps come in a variety of standardized sizes the size of a round par lamp is expressed as the nominal diameter of the mouth of the reflector in eighths of an inch so the approximate nominal lamp bell diameter in inches can be found by dividing the par size by 8 a par56 for example is 56 eighths of an inch 7 inches in diameter a par36 is 36 eighths 4 5 inches in diameter and so on similarly the diameter in millimeters can be found by multiplying the par designation by 3 175 for example a par16 lamp is approximately 2 inches or 50 8 mm in diameter 1 the size of rectangular par lamps is expressed as the letters rec followed by the reflector s mouth height the letter x and the reflector s mouth width with both dimensions in millimeters for example rec142x200 lamps are 142 mm high and 200 mm wide 2 3 designation nominal dia inch nominal dia mm par64 8 203 2 par56 7 177 8 par46 5 75 146 05 par38 4 75 120 65 par36 4 5 114 3 par30 3 75 95 25 par20 2 5 63 5 par16 2 50 8 light beams edit depending on the parabolic reflector geometry the configuration of the filament and its placement within the paraboloid par lamps can achieve a wide range of beams from narrow spot to wide flood 4 the following suffixes are commonly used with par lamps to indicate their beam width 5 par lamps are also manufactured to produce beam patterns specific to the needs of particular applications such as low beam and high beam headlamps and fog and driving lights for vehicles and warning lamps for school buses description suffix beam angle very narrow spot vnsp cp60 12 narrow spot nsp cp61 14 medium flood mfl cp62 24 wide flood wfl cp95 70 the suffixes given are for 1000 watt par64 lamps only the focused beam can be oval and is sometimes specified in two numbers 5 uses edit automotive headlamps edit main article headlamp two mercedes benz sls right with us spec sealed beam headlamps left with european spec composite replaceable bulb headlamps in the united states of america sealed beam headlamps were introduced in 1939 becoming standard equipment across all american market vehicles starting in 1940 and remaining the only type allowed for almost four and a half decades until the 1984 model year before and after those years vehicles could have model specific non standard shape headlamps using any of a wide variety of replaceable light bulbs between 1940 and 1956 all u s cars had to have two 7 inch 178 mm round headlamps with dual filaments so each lamp provided both a high and a low beam light distribution in 1957 a system of four sealed beam headlamps two per side of 5 3 4 inches 146 mm diameter was allowed in some u s states the following year in 1958 all states allowed the new system two of the lamps contained two filaments and served as low and high beam while the other two lamps contained only one filament and were active only during high beam operation from the 1975 model year a rectangular version of the four lamp system was legalized the new lamps were 165 mm 6 1 2 in wide and 100 mm 4 in tall for 1978 a rectangular version of the two lamp system became legal these measured 200 mm 8 in wide and 142 mm 5 1 2 in tall with only two round and two rectangular lamp sizes allowed the sealed beam headlamp mandate greatly restricted styling possibilities for automobiles 6 halogen sealed beam headlamps appeared on u s cars in 1979 providing greater high beam intensity recently permitted by federal motor vehicle safety standard 108 without unreasonably high lamp wattage eventually halogen sealed beam lights came to dominate the u s automotive lamp market aircraft edit main article aircraft landing lights aircraft landing acl lights are often sealed beams that have a very narrow beam spread they typically have a size of par36 or par64 and run on 28 v dc 7 they have found some use in stage lighting as well outdoor and stage lighting edit par lamps and their fixtures are widely used in theatre concerts and motion picture production when a substantial amount of flat lighting is required for a scene they are often mounted in can shaped fixtures known as parcan s which can be used to generate colours by fitting them with colored sheets called gels the cans are arranged into rows of different colours and identical rows placed on different sides of the stage such assemblies made from aluminum bars are known as parbar s a due to their affordability they are ideal for colour washes in several different colours however because of the lack of dynamic control over the beam diameter shape and sharpness pars are rarely used as front of house lights other than for front washes but can be used for special effect lighting such as lighting from directly above or from extreme angles as well as general wash lights overhead above stage if used cleverly par cans can provide low budget productions with good effects par64 sealed beam lamps are often used for these purposes they are typically available with 250 500 or 1000 watt power ratings beam spreads are designated as fl flood sp spot nsp narrow spot and vnsp very narrow spot as stamped on the back of the lamp s reflector pressed glass bulb flood 230 v 100 w e27 base par 38 design par38 lamps with an e27 base and with ratings up to 150w were often used for domestic outdoor floodlight illumination for patios backyards and often combined with a pir sensor switch as a security convenience light for example in a driveway coloured versions were popular with discos and mobile djs however were usually only available up to 100w in coloured form and were considerably more expensive than standard par38 globes in domestic applications halogen and later on led largely replaced the incandescent par38 in situations where sunlight or other specular light is available a white foam reflector is often used to accomplish the same effect as a par array par cans are being replaced in some stage applications by led stage lighting which use less electric power and produce a wide array of saturated colors without the use of color filters when white light is not needed indoor lighting edit smaller sealed beam par lamps par 38 and smaller with an edison screw base are common in indoor lighting they can be found in recessed fixtures mounted in the ceiling or on tracks lighthouses edit sealed beam lamp arrays are also in use by modern lighthouses 8 electrical connector edit high power mains voltage theatrical pars usually use the bi pin gx16d mogul lamp connector 9 g9 5 and variants are common too theater metal halide lamps use g12 in addition to being used on light bulbs themselves the g38 connectors are also found as a part of the raylite reflector assembly although some raylite reflectors have tails which then require connection to the mains flex with the use of a ceramic connector block ideally fixed to the can s body 10 in residential and office use the usual connector for the lamp s voltage is often used this includes edison screw or a bayonet connector for mains supplied pars or small bi pin connectors for low voltage applications variations edit led edit main article led lamp a par16 lamp with e27 screw for indoor retrofitting an led stage lighting device designed to replace par cans led retrofit equipment that match par lamp dimensions is made by some manufacturers as with the case of led mr lamps led par lamps generally use an array of individual led elements that are unsuitable for reflector operation nevertheless some degree of beam control can be obtained with aperture or lens and led par 38 replacements with a 40 spread is common models built for stage lighting may use less similar dimensions they often use a rgb color model for color tuning abilities though some higher end fixtures use a 5 primary colour system with cool and warm white leds instead for better color reproduction par moving lights edit intelligent moving pars allow for the ability to pan and tilt the instruments through a lighting control console these have been generally superseded by dedicated intelligent lighting fixtures which use a different light source and offer more control over the colour and shape of the beam see also edit stage lighting instrument stage lighting accessories notes edit bars are named according to the number of cans they hold a four bar holds 4 cans and vice versa references edit led pool light bulbs a complete guide waking lighting august 3 2023 archived from the original on october 27 2023 retrieved december 20 2023 gte sylvania miniature sealed beam lamp catalog and specification guide form 207 1989 ge lighting miniature sealed beam lamps 1992 led bulb is by consuming danish home avisen archived from the original on april 22 2016 retrieved april 7 2016 1 2 par 64 blue room archived from the original on october 1 2018 retrieved september 30 2018 horst bauer bosch automotive handbook 4th edition robert bosch gmbh stuttgart 1996 isbn 0 8376 0333 1 page 710 ge ge lamp ballast products catalog section 8 miniature sealed beam and automotive lamps pdf reynolds online p 31 archived from the original pdf on december 20 2018 retrieved december 19 2018 the lights in lighthouses photographers resource co uk retrieved january 9 2011 bulbamerica ge lighting q20a par56 c 20a halogen sealed beam lamp par56 300w google express retrieved december 19 2018 with a mogul end prong gx16d base optima lighting par 64 par 56 lamp holder bulbamerica archived from the original on july 27 2013 retrieved april 26 2018 v t e automotive design part of a series of articles on cars body framework backbone chassis beltline body on frame bumper dagmar cabrio coach chassis continental tire crumple zone fender ponton skirts grille hood scoop shaker monocoque overhang pillar platform quarter panel roof rack spoiler stressed member engine subframe tonneau trunk lid compartments hood bonnet trunk boot dickie doors butterfly canopy dihedral gull wing scissor sliding suicide swan glass glass run channel greenhouse opera window power window quarter glass sunroof windshield windscreen washer fluid wiper other elements bumper sticker curb feeler front end bra hood ornament horn instruments japan black nerf bar omniview technology parts tire tyre run flat spare geometry approach and departure angles breakover angle overhang ride height roll center turning radius weight distribution exterior equipment lighting automotive light bulb types daytime running lamp headlamp hidden high intensity discharge sealed beam trafficators other elements side view mirror power tow hitch window deflector legal registration plate vanity plate theft vehicle identification number vin category commons portal v t e stagecraft and scenography scene shop theatrical scenery fields set construction scenic painting scenic design rigging technical direction hardware batten curtains flats fly system scenery wagons weights stage lighting fields lighting design lighting technician master electrician hardware c clamp color gel color scroller cyclorama gobo lighting control console socapex connector snoot stage pin connector theatrical smoke and fog instruments beam projector ellipsoidal reflector spotlight fresnel lantern intelligent lighting parabolic aluminized reflector scoop striplight spotlight accessories stage management blocking cue prompt corner prompt book other fields costume design running crew sound design prop theatrical makeup video design outline v t e lighting concepts accent lighting color rendering index color temperature electric light glare light fixture light pollution hawaii hong kong lightbulb socket bi pin lamp base edison screw luminous efficacy task lighting methods of generation incandescent regular edison halogen nernst luminescent cathodoluminescent electron stimulated chemiluminescent electrochemiluminescence electroluminescent field induced polymer light emitting transistor fluorescent fluorescent lamp compact fluorescent induction photoluminescent laser headlamp radioluminescence solid state led lamp combustion acetylene carbide argand campfire candle carcel diya flare gas kerosene petromax lantern fanous paper limelight luchina magnesium torch oil qulliq rushlight safety tilley torch electric arc carbon arc klieg light yablochkov candle gas discharge deuterium arc neon neon lamp plasma sulfur xenon arc xenon flash high intensity discharge hid mercury vapor metal halide ceramic hydrargyrum medium arc iodide hmi hydrargyrum quartz iodide hqi sodium vapor stationary reflector ellipsoidal reflector multifaceted reflector parabolic aluminized reflector par aviation obstruction balanced arm lamp chandelier emergency light gas lighting gooseneck lamp intelligent street lighting light tube marine aid to navigation light nightlight neon lighting pendant light recessed light sconce street light in the us torchère track lighting troffer portable bicycle lighting flashlight mechanically powered tactical glow stick headlamp outdoor lantern laser pointer navigation light searchlight solar lamp automotive automotive light bulb types daytime running lamp headlamp hidden high intensity discharge sealed beam rear position lights reversing lights safety reflector retroreflector stop lights turn...