Meta tags:

Headings (most frequently used words):

pazend, contents, bibliography,

Text of the page (most frequently used words):
the (50), #pazend (17), and (17), persian (17), avestan (15), middle (14), alphabet (13), this (11), for (10), was (9), zoroastrianism (9), wikipedia (7), avesta (7), texts (7), language (6), script (6), page (5), with (5), articles (5), ipa (5), from (5), edit (5), used (5), which (5), pahlavi (5), article (5), languages (4), contents (4), search (4), use (4), writing (4), systems (4), history (4), were (4), are (4), phonetic (4), hide (4), move (4), sidebar (4), view (3), text (3), additional (3), fire (3), iran (3), parsis (3), pazand (3), sources (3), following (3), late (3), century (3), zend (3), transcribed (3), these (3), write (3), one (3), aramaic (3), help (3), tools (3), main (3), toggle (2), table (2), contact (2), about (2), privacy (2), policy (2), terms (2), may (2), january (2), categories (2), containing (2), pages (2), needing (2), references (2), march (2), 2018 (2), short (2), description (2), wikidata (2), scripts (2), temples (2), india (2), kashmar (2), book (2), atash (2), behram (2), adur (2), ahura (2), mazda (2), vohu (2), primary (2), boyce (2), mary (2), religious (2), writings (2), sanskrit (2), gujarati (2), bibliography (2), some (2), sacred (2), commentaries (2), led (2), such (2), its (2), purpose (2), into (2), process (2), phonetically (2), represent (2), pronunciation (2), prayers (2), written (2), that (2), had (2), not (2), contrast (2), ideograms (2), system (2), words (2), word (2), other (2), see (2), related (2), learn (2), citations (2), appearance (2), upload (2), file (2), changes (2), links (2), read (2), log (2), create (2), account (2), donate (2), menu (2), add, topic, mobile, cookie, statement, statistics, developers, code, conduct, legal, safety, contacts, disclaimers, available, under, apply, using, site, you, agree, registered, trademark, non, profit, organization, wikimedia, foundation, inc, creative, commons, attribution, sharealike, license, rendered, parsoid, last, edited, 2026, utc, hidden, plain, all, matches, retrieved, https, org, index, php, title, oldid, 1333993812, category, sects, lists, uzbekistan, united, states, russia, pakistan, iraq, iranis, sichuan, china, azerbaijan, armenia, afghanistan, persecution, adherents, capital, punishment, apostasy, slavery, burial, marriage, festivals, calendar, three, religions, azarkeivanian, khurramites, gayomarthians, mazdakism, shamsīyah, zurvanism, culture, yazd, balkh, cities, duzakh, hamistagan, xrafstar, frashokereti, chinvat, bridge, story, sanjan, jamasp, arda, viraf, bundahišn, dēnkard, accounts, legends, magi, zohr, rivayats, khordeh, yashts, visperad, vendidad, yasna, cypress, gushnasp, burzen, mihr, iranshah, 101, names, temple, airyaman, ishya, yenghe, hatam, ahuna, vairya, ashem, gathas, scripture, worship, ahriman, daevas, ahuras, yazatas, amesha, spentas, divine, entities, faravahar, persia, manah, asha, zarathustra, topics, dhalla, maneckji, nusservanji, 1938, new, york, oup, 1968, literature, later, handbuch, der, orientalistik, vol, leiden, brill, iranistik, literatur, 1984, old, manchester, textual, study, himelfarb, elizabeth, first, found, egypt, archaeology, issue, february, 2000, translation, 18th, term, mistakenly, refer, themselves, opposed, them, usage, subsequently, equally, mistaken, abraham, hyacinthe, anquetil, duperron, fall, after, came, supplanted, lost, soon, ceased, original, composition, 11th, early, 12th, indian, zoroastrians, began, translating, also, latter, being, form, interpretation, known, zand, often, corrupt, present, their, own, problems, corruptions, during, sometimes, considerable, among, prefaces, prefatory, invariably, because, need, accurate, practice, has, misconception, name, dibacheh, islam, sassanids, combination, features, constituted, sanctification, required, addition, symbol, character, phoneme, previously, been, needed, did, have, identifying, feature, borrowed, continued, spelled, but, pronounced, corresponding, semitic, huzvarishn, variant, only, abjad, din, dabireh, characteristics, both, contrasted, principal, translations, ultimately, derives, can, translated, either, commentary, purposes, according, understanding, paiti, zainti, based, originally, 𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌, 𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬥𐬙𐬌, 𐭯𐭠𐭰𐭭𐭣, contains, introductory, guide, symbols, distinction, between, brackets, transcription, delimiters, international, transcriptions, phoenician, proto, sinaitic, egyptian, hieroglyphs, parent, right, left, direction, until, 9th, period, type, how, when, remove, message, please, unsourced, material, challenged, jstor, scholar, books, newspapers, news, find, removed, adding, reliable, improve, needs, more, free, encyclopedia, item, projects, printable, version, download, pdf, print, export, switch, legacy, parser, get, shortened, url, cite, information, permanent, link, what, here, general, actions, english, talk, اردو, türkçe, ไทย, 日本語, italiano, bahasa, indonesia, magyar, فارسی, top, personal, special, recent, community, portal, contribute, random, current, events, navigation, jump, content,

Text of the page (random words):
pazend wikipedia jump to content main menu main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 bibliography toggle the table of contents pazend 8 languages فارسی magyar bahasa indonesia italiano 日本語 ไทย türkçe اردو edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia middle persian writing system this article needs more citations please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed find sources pazend news newspapers books scholar jstor march 2018 learn how and when to remove this message pazend script type alphabet period until 9th century direction right to left script languages middle persian related scripts parent systems egyptian hieroglyphs 1 proto sinaitic phoenician alphabet aramaic alphabet pahlavi script avestan alphabet pazend this article contains phonetic transcriptions in the international phonetic alphabet ipa for an introductory guide on ipa symbols see help ipa for the distinction between and see ipa brackets and transcription delimiters pazend p ə ˈ z ɛ n d or pazand middle persian 𐭯𐭠𐭰𐭭𐭣 avestan 𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬥𐬙𐬌 is one of the writing systems used for the middle persian language it was based on the avestan alphabet a phonetic alphabet originally used to write avestan the language of the avesta the primary sacred texts of zoroastrianism pazend s principal use was for writing the commentaries zend on and or translations of the avesta the word pazend ultimately derives from the avestan words paiti zainti which can be translated as either for commentary purposes or according to understanding phonetically pazend had the following characteristics both of which are to be contrasted with pahlavi which is one of the other systems used to write middle persian pazend was a variant of the avestan alphabet din dabireh which was a phonetic alphabet in contrast pahlavi script was only an abjad pazend did not have ideograms in contrast ideograms were an identifying feature of the pahlavi system and these huzvarishn were words borrowed from semitic languages such as aramaic that continued to be spelled as in aramaic in pahlavi script but were pronounced as the corresponding word in persian in combination with its religious purpose these features constituted a sanctification of written middle persian the use of the avestan alphabet to write middle persian required the addition of one symbol to the avestan alphabet this character to represent the l phoneme of middle persian had not previously been needed following the fall of the sassanids after which zoroastrianism came to be supplanted by islam pazend lost its purpose and soon ceased to be used for original composition in the late 11th or early 12th century indian zoroastrians the parsis began translating avestan or middle persian texts into sanskrit and gujarati some middle persian texts were also transcribed into the avestan alphabet the latter process being a form of interpretation was known as pa zand pazand texts transcribed phonetically represent a late and often corrupt middle persian pronunciation and so present their own problems 2 the corruptions during this process are sometimes considerable 3 among the transcribed texts are the prefaces dibacheh to prayers in avestan these prefatory prayers are invariably written in pazend because of the need for accurate pronunciation this practice has led to the misconception that pazend is the name of a language following abraham hyacinthe anquetil duperron s translation of some of the texts of the avesta in the late 18th century the term zend avesta was mistakenly used to refer to the sacred texts themselves as opposed to commentaries on them this usage subsequently led to the equally mistaken use of pazend for the avestan script as such and zend for the avestan language bibliography edit himelfarb elizabeth j first alphabet found in egypt archaeology 53 issue 1 january february 2000 21 boyce mary 1984 sanskrit old gujarati and pazand writings textual sources for the study of zoroastrianism manchester up p 5 boyce mary 1968 middle persian literature the later religious writings iranistik ii literatur handbuch der orientalistik vol 4 leiden brill p 47 dhalla maneckji nusservanji 1938 history of zoroastrianism new york oup v t e zoroastrianism primary topics ahura mazda zarathustra asha vohu manah persia iran faravahar avestan divine entities amesha spentas yazatas ahuras daevas ahriman scripture and worship avesta gathas ashem vohu ahuna vairya yenghe hatam airyaman ishya fire temple 101 names of ahura mazda iranshah atash behram adur burzen mihr adur gushnasp cypress of kashmar yasna vendidad visperad yashts khordeh avesta rivayats ab zohr atash behram magi accounts and legends dēnkard bundahišn book of arda viraf book of jamasp story of sanjan chinvat bridge frashokereti xrafstar hamistagan duzakh cities balkh kashmar yazd history and culture parsis zurvanism shamsīyah mazdakism gayomarthians khurramites azarkeivanian three persian religions calendar festivals marriage burial zoroastrianism and slavery apostasy in zoroastrianism capital punishment in zoroastrianism adherents persecution afghanistan armenia azerbaijan china sichuan india iranis parsis iran iraq pakistan russia united states uzbekistan lists fire temples in iran fire temples in india zoroastrianism sects category retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title pazend oldid 1333993812 categories middle persian avesta writing systems persian scripts hidden categories articles with short description short description matches wikidata articles needing additional references from march 2018 all articles needing additional references pages with plain ipa articles containing middle persian language text articles containing avestan language text this page was last edited on 20 january 2026 at 23 20 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation inc a non profit organization privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers contact wikipedia legal safety contacts code of conduct developers statistics cookie statement mobile view search search toggle the table of contents pazend 8 languages add topic