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within athens 3 2 cults within other greek cities 4 notes 5 references 6 further reading 7 external links toggle the table of contents peitho 30 languages azərbaycanca български bosanski català کوردی čeština deutsch ελληνικά esperanto español euskara فارسی français magyar հայերեն italiano 日本語 ქართული 한국어 lietuvių nederlands polski português română русский српски srpski svenska українська oʻzbekcha ўзбекча 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia greek personification of persuasion this article is about goddess in greek mythology for the asteroid see 118 peitho peitho personification of persuasion pompeiian fresco of eros being brought by peitho to aphrodite abode mount olympus genealogy parents oceanus and tethys siblings oceanids the river gods in greek mythology peitho ancient greek πειθώ romanized peithō lit persuasion or winning eloquence 1 is the personification of persuasion 2 she is a goddess of charming speech 3 she is typically presented as an important companion of aphrodite her opposite is bia the personification of force 4 as a personification she was sometimes imagined as a goddess and sometimes an abstract power with her name used both as a common and proper noun 5 there is evidence that peitho was referred to as a goddess before she was referred to as an abstract concept which is rare for a personification 6 peitho represents both sexual and political persuasion she is associated with the art of rhetoric 6 family edit fragment depicting peitho aphrodite and eros this skyphos fragment may be the earliest known artistic representation of peitho 7 circa 490 b c e the metropolitan museum of art peitho s ancestry is unclear as various authors provide different identities for her parents hesiod in theogony identifies peitho as the daughter of the titans tethys and oceanus which would make her an oceanid and the sister of notable goddesses such as dione doris and metis 1 8 according to the lyric poet sappho she was the daughter of aphrodite 9 aeschylus identifies her as the daughter of aphrodite in suppliant women hiketides but also describes her as the child of ate in agamemnon 10 11 nonnus in his dionysiaca describes the charites graces an ensemble of goddesses of grace and charm as including peitho pasithea and aglaia and all of them are identified as daughters of dionysus 12 the hellenistic era elegiac poet hermesianax also refers to peitho as one of the charites 13 alcman describes her as the daughter of prometheia and the sister of tyche and eunomia 14 nonnus identifies peitho as the wife of hermes the messenger of the gods 15 however commentary on euripides orestes notes that peitho is the wife of phoroneus the primordial king of argos and the mother of aegialeus apis europs and niobe 16 an alternative argive tradition describes her instead as the wife of argos phoroneus s grandson 6 17 the byzantine encyclopedic text suda states that the mother of iynx was either peitho or ekho mythology edit peitho plays a limited role in mythology mainly appearing with or as a companion of aphrodite a degraded fragment by sappho may identify peitho as an attendant of aphrodite although other possibilities are hebe iris or even hekate 18 pindar characterizes peitho either as the abstract concept of persuasion or the goddess as a wise one that holds the secret key to holy love associating her with aphrodite 19 she is also described as the nurse of the baby erotes who are aphrodite s children 20 a fragment by ibycus describes aphrodite and peitho who is described as tendered eyed aganoblepharos nursing euryalus among rose blossoms 21 nonnus gives her a role within the marriage of kadmos and harmonia as she appears to kadmos in the form of a mortal slave and covers kadmos in a mist to lead him unseen through samothrace to the palace of electra harmonia s adoptive mother 20 peitho often appears on a 5th century epinetron by the eretria painter depicting harmonia s bridal preparations with aphrodite eros persephone kore hebe and himeros as in attendance 22 in art she was also depicted at the weddings for dionysus and ariadne alkestis and admetos thetis and peleus and at the union of aphrodite and adonis 6 a hydria attributed to the meidias painter shows peitho fleeing from the scene of the abduction of the leukippidai by the dioskuri indicating either that she persuaded the women into eloping or that she does not condone the marriage by athenian standards 6 when zeus ordered the creation of the first woman pandora peitho and the charites placed golden necklaces around her neck and the horae seasons crowned pandora s head with spring flowers 23 extravagant jewelry particularly necklaces were viewed with suspicion in ancient greek literature as they were typically seen as a way for women to seduce men making the necklace a way to enhance pandora s sexual attractiveness and persuasive abilities 24 in art peitho is often represented with aphrodite during the abduction of helen symbolizing the forces of persuasion and love at work during the scene 25 her presence at the event may be interpreted as either paris needing persuasion to claim helen as a prize for choosing aphrodite or helen needing to be persuaded to accompany him to troy as helen s level of agency became a popular topic of discussion in the 5th century 24 peitho s presence brings the question of whether mortals have the ability to resist her power or whether they are bound to her persuasive abilities 24 cult and function edit cults dedicated to peitho date to at least the early 5th century 18 in her role as an attendant or companion of aphrodite peitho was intimately connected to the goddess of love and beauty aphrodite and peitho were sometimes conflated more commonly in the later periods with the name peitho appearing in conjunction with or as an epithet of aphrodite s name 24 she is also identified with tyche in suppliant women hiketides 26 peitho was associated with marriage since a suitor or his father would negotiate with the father or guardian of a young woman for her hand in marriage and offer a bridal price in return for her the most desirable women drew many prospective suitors and persuasive skill often determined the suitor s success plutarch includes her on a list of five deities for new couples to pray to also included are zeus teleios hera teleia aphrodite and artemis 27 a roman relief depicting peitho circa 1st century b c e the metropolitan museum of art peitho was an important figure for emphasising civic harmony particularly in athens and argos and harmony within interpersonal relationships 28 notably in athens the unification synoikismos of the city by theseus was only possible with the intervention of both aphrodite and peitho to create democratic spirit and cooperation 6 in argos she was paired with the early kings of the city functioning as a civic unifier in a similar role as harmonia the first queen of thebes 29 on a 4th century vase from apulia peitho and hermes are depicted together instructing tripolemus to teach agriculture to mankind indicating peitho s role in creating harmony through civilization 4 plutarch outlines peitho s role in interpersonal harmony in moralia where he states that persuasion s role within a marriage is so that spouses can achieve their wants without quarreling in eumenides athena thanks peitho after convincing the furies of her reasoning in acquitting orestes and successfully defusing strife 30 however peitho may be a destructive force when used for seduction or selfish personal gains such as in agamemnon where clytemnestra curses peitho for paris s stealing of helen and she uses persuasion to convince cassandra to enter the house in order to murder her cult within athens edit pausanias reports that after the unification synoikismos of athens theseus set up a cult of aphrodite pandemos and peitho on the south slope of acropolis of athens 31 in recognition of this myth both goddesses were worshipped in the attic aphrodisia festival 32 peitho was worshipped independently as the goddess of both sexual and rhetorical persuasion in athens from the 4th century into the roman imperial era the time of pausanias s writing 24 6 however some scholars believe it is possible that worship dates to the 6th century but there is not strong evidence for this assertion 28 a votive inscription to peitho was found at the site of the temple of aphrodite reinforcing the link between these goddesses at athens 29 the theatre of dionysus had seat reserved for the priestess of peitho 24 peitho was an important figure to athenian rhetoricians in 5th century and was considered an important figure for human affairs as persuasion was a major component to rhetoric rhetorician isocrates notes in section 249 of antidosis that sacrifices are made to peitho in the city annually 5 furthermore comic poet eupolis said that peitho sat on the lips of pericles for his persuasive skills 4 persuasion was considered essential for the democratic state s success 32 cults within other greek cities edit despite her connection to aphrodite in athens peitho was more commonly associated with artemis in the peloponnese as the two goddesses either shared a temple at argos or peitho being used as an epithet for artemis 6 peitho s association with artemis may have formed due to a shared with importance with adult development and the loss of sexual innocence 33 at argos this temple was also shared with hypermestra who was acquitted in trial of a case brought by her father as she was the only danaid who did not murder her husband on her wedding night as per her father s orders 29 18 with this association peitho is connected to persuasive speech generally as opposed to just seductive persuasion 29 pindar refers to courtesans and prostitutes in corinth as the servants of peitho however he does not elaborate on whether there was any cults associated with peitho in the city nor whether courtesans had a particular reverence for the goddess 34 this passage has stirred debate among scholars one whether sacred prostitution was practiced in greece 33 peitho was commonly shown wearing jewelry fixing her clothing holding jars of perfume or looking into mirrors traits that may be associated with hetairai 33 in sicyon peitho had a cult and a temple which was connected to the cults of artemis and apollo 18 according to a local cult practice recorded by pausanias during the festival of apollo seven boys and girls take the statues of artemis and apollo to the sythas river and take them to the sanctuary of peitho after which they are returned to the temple of apollo 35 the aetiological myth for this practice was that the citizens of sicyon refused to purify the twin gods after the slaying of python and as a result a plague was sent to the city seven boys and girls went to the river to convince the gods to return they were successful indicating that even the gods are susceptible to the power of persuasion and the sanctuary to peitho was established at this spot 18 there was no cult image to peitho by the roman imperial period however this does not mean that one never existed 18 according to pausanias in addition to the cults and sanctuaries dedicated to peitho at athens and argos there was an image decorating the throne at the temple of zeus at olympia where aphrodite rising from the sea is greeted by eros and crowned by peitho 36 37 in megara statues of peitho and paregoros personification of soothing words stood in the temple of aphrodite praxis of intercourse 33 there is also evidence that peitho had cults in paros thasos and lesbos 24 notes edit 1 2 bane theresa 2013 encyclopedia of fairies in world folklore and mythology mcfarland incorporated publishers p 268 isbn 9780786471119 brill s new pauly s v peitho watts christopher knappett carl 2022 09 21 ancient art revisited global perspectives from archaeology and art history taylor francis isbn 978 1 000 64368 8 1 2 3 north helen 1993 emblems of eloquence proceedings of the american philosophical society 137 406 430 1 2 marsh charles 2015 the strange case of the goddess peitho classical antecedents of public relations ambivalence toward persuasion journal of public relations research 27 3 229 243 doi 10 1080 1062726x 2015 1024249 s2cid 143067078 via taylor francis group 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 smith amy 2011 polis and personification in classical athenian art leiden netherlands brill pp 55 62 isbn 9789004194175 rosenzweig rachel 2004 worshipping aphrodite art and cult in classical athens ann arbor university of michigan press p 20 isbn 978 0472113323 hesiod theogony 346 349 362 366 sappho fr 200 campbell pp 186 7 scholia on hesiod s works and days 73c gantz p 104 aeschylus suppliant women 1039 aeschylus agamemnon 385 nonnus dionysiaca 24 261 pausanias description of greece 9 35 5 alcman fragments 3 64 nonnus dionysiaca 8 220 48 230 scholia ad euripides orestes 932 scholia ad euripides phoenissae 1116 1 2 3 4 5 6 breitenberger barbara 2007 peitho the power of persuasion aphrodite and eros the development of greek erotic mythology new york ny routledge pp 117 135 isbn 978 0 415 96823 2 pindar pythian 9 35 39 1 2 nonnus dionysiaca 3 84 ibycus fragment 288 neils jenifer 2004 marconi clement ed greek vases images contexts and controversies boston ma brill pp 76 isbn 978 90 04 13802 5 hesiod works and days 69 82 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 stafford emma 1999 plutarch s advice to the bride and groom and a consolation to his wife english translations commentary interpretive essays and bibliography oxford united kingdom oxford university press pp 162 165 isbn 978 0195120233 stafford emma 2013 from the gymnasium to the wedding eros in athenian art and cult erôs in ancient greece oxford united kingdom oxford university press p 198 isbn 9780199605507 aeschylus suppliant women hiketides line 523 plutarch moralia ethika line 264b 1 2 rosenzweig rachel 2004 worshipping aphrodite art and cult in classical athens ann arbor university of michigan press pp 13 26 isbn 978 0472113323 1 2 3 4 buxton richard 2010 persuasion in greek tragedy a study of peitho cambridge united kingdom cambridge university press pp 29 37 isbn 9780521136730 aeschylus eumenides 825 829 pausanias description of greece 1 22 3 1 2 pala elisabetta 2010 aphrodite on the akropolis evidence from attic pottery brill s companion to aphrodite leiden brill pp 195 216 1 2 3 4 burnett pippin anne 2011 servants of peitho pindar fr 122 greek roman and byzantine studies 51 49 60 pindar eulogies fragment 122 pausanias description of greece 2 7 8 pausanias graeciae descriptio 2 7 7 2 21 1 5 11 8 pausanias description of greece 5...