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Text of the page (random words):
entaceratops 27 languages català čeština deutsch español فارسی suomi français galego עברית magyar bahasa indonesia italiano 日本語 қазақша 한국어 lietuvių nederlands polski português русский simple english slovenčina svenska türkçe українська tiếng việt 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikispecies wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia extinct genus of dinosaurs pentaceratops temporal range late cretaceous campanian 76 73 ma preꞓ ꞓ o s d c p t j k pg n holotype skull of p sternbergii amnh 6325 scientific classification kingdom animalia phylum chordata class reptilia clade dinosauria clade ornithischia clade ceratopsia family ceratopsidae subfamily chasmosaurinae genus pentaceratops osborn 1923 type species pentaceratops sternbergii osborn 1923 other species p aquilonius longrich 2014 synonyms titanoceratops ouranos longrich 2011 pentaceratops fenestratus wiman 1930 pentaceratops five horned face is a genus of herbivorous ceratopsid dinosaur from the late cretaceous period of what is now north america fossils of this animal were first discovered in 1921 but the genus was named in 1923 when its type species pentaceratops sternbergii was described pentaceratops lived around 76 73 million years ago its remains having been mostly found in the kirtland formation 1 in the san juan basin in new mexico another species p aquilonius was named by nick w longrich in 2014 but it is debated if it belongs to that genus or a separate taxon about a dozen skulls and skeletons have been uncovered so anatomical understanding of pentaceratops is fairly complete one exceptionally large specimen later became its own genus titanoceratops due to its more derived morphology similarities to triceratops and lack of unique characteristics shared with pentaceratops 2 3 pentaceratops was about 5 5 6 meters 18 20 ft long and has been estimated to have weighed around 2 5 metric tons 2 8 short tons it had a short nose horn two long brow horns and long horns on the jugal bones its skull had a very long frill with triangular hornlets on the edge discoveries and species edit map of the southeast san juan basin h is the purported collection area of the p sternbergii holotype the first specimens were collected by charles hazelius sternberg in the san juan basin in new mexico sternberg worked in commission for the swedish uppsala university in 1921 he recovered a skull and a rump specimens pmu r 200 and pmu r 286 at the meyers creek near the kimbetoh wash in a layer of the kirtland formation he sent these fossils to paleontologist carl wiman in 1922 sternberg decided to work independently and began a dig north of tsaya trading post in the fossil forest of san juan county here he discovered a complete skeleton which he sold to the american museum of natural history the museum then sent out a team headed by charles mook and peter kaisen to assist sternberg in securing this specimen subsequent digging by sternberg in 1923 brought the total of amnh specimens to four the rump of the main specimen was discarded by the museum because it had insufficient value as a display p sternbergii holotype skull with reconstructed parts amnh the species was named and described by henry fairfield osborn in 1923 as pentaceratops sternbergii the generic name means five horned face derived from the greek penta πέντα meaning five keras κέρας horn and ops ὤψ face 4 in reference to its two long epijugal bones spikes which protrude out sidewards from under its eyes in addition to the three more obvious horns as with triceratops osborn obligingly gave it the specific name sternbergii to honor its discoverer 5 the name had been suggested to osborn by william diller matthew the specific epithet served as a consolation to the almost bankrupt sternberg whose 1923 fossils were initially not acquired by the museum that had to use its 1923 1924 budget to process the finds of the great asian expeditions by roy chapman andrews 6 the holotype was the skull discovered by sternberg in 1922 specimen amnh 6325 it was found in a layer of the fruitland formation dating from the campanian about seventy five million years old the other three amnh specimens were amnh 1624 a smaller skull amnh 1622 a pair of brow horns and amnh 1625 a piece of skull frill 5 holotype skull diagram of p fenestratus in 1930 wiman named a second species of pentaceratops p fenestratus it was based on sternberg s 1921 specimens and the specific name referred to a hole in the left squamosal 7 this was later considered to be the same species as pentaceratops sternbergii and thus a junior synonym the hole being the likely effect of an injury fowler and freedman fowler 2020 considered pentaceratops fenestratus to be a distinct taxon from pentaceratops sternbergi in their opinion it may be identical to navajoceratops or terminocavus but the state of preservation of the remains makes it impossible to precisely determine the systematics of its owner 8 in 1929 sternberg s son george fryer sternberg discovered specimen usnm v12002 a right squamosal pentaceratops proved to be a quite common fossil in the fruitland and kirtland formations it has even been used as a guide fossil the appearance of pentaceratops sternbergii in the fossil record marks the end of the judithian land vertebrate age and the start of the kirtlandian 1 subsequent finds include specimens mna pl 1668 mna pl 1747 nmmnh p 27468 and usnm 2416 partial skeletons with skull ypm 1229 a skeleton lacking the skull ualp 13342 and ukvp 16100 skulls unm b 1701 usnm 12741 usnm 12743 usnm 8604 smp vp 1596 smp vp 1488 smp vp 1500 and smp vp 1712 fragmentary skulls apart from the san juan basin finds a juvenile specimen of pentaceratops sdmnh 43470 was found in the williams fork formation of colorado in 2006 9 specimen being airlifted with help from the new mexico national guard 2015 sometimes the identification of a specimen as pentaceratops has proven to be highly contentious in 1998 thomas lehman described omnh 10165 a very large skull and its associated skeleton found in new mexico in 1941 the skull is presently on display at the sam noble oklahoma museum of natural history and is the largest pentaceratops exemplar known with the distinction of having produced the largest known skull of any land vertebrate 10 11 however in 2011 the skeleton was renamed as a separate genus titanoceratops due to its more derived morphology similarities to triceratops and lack of unique characteristics shared with pentaceratops 2 in 2014 nicholas longrich named a new species pentaceratops aquilonius the northern one based on fragmentary fossils discovered during the 1930s near manyberries in alberta canada the species has been described as having a first epiparietal pointing upwards instead of forwards 12 in 2016 mallon et al found p aquilonius to be morphologically similar to spiclypeus shipporum with it possibly being the same species and considered p aquilonius a nomen dubium 13 description edit restoration of p sternbergii pentaceratops was a large ceratopsid dodson estimated the body length at 6 meters 20 ft the skull length of amnh 1624 is 2 3 meters 7 5 ft while pmu r 200 has a length of 2 16 meters 7 1 ft 7 in 2016 paul estimated its length at 5 5 meters 18 ft and its weight at 2 5 metric tons 2 75 short tons 14 the nose horn of pentaceratops is small and points upward and backward the brow horns are very long and curve strongly forward the somewhat upward tilted frill of pentaceratops is considerably longer than that of triceratops with two large holes parietal fenestrae in it it is rectangular adorned by large triangular osteoderms up to twelve episquamosals at the squamosal and three epiparietals at the parietal bone these are largest at the rear corners of the frill and are separated by a large u shaped notch at the midline a feature not recognized until 1981 when specimen ukvp 16100 was described 15 within the notch the first epiparietals point forwards the very thick jugals do not touch the squamosals a possible autapomorphy 2 the torso of pentaceratops is tall and wide the rear dorsal vertebrae bear long spines from which ligaments possibly ran to the front to balance the high frill the prepubis is long the ischium is long and strongly curved forward in smaller specimens the thigh bone bows outwards 16 classification edit osborn originally assigned pentaceratops to ceratopsia within this group pentaceratops belonged to the ceratopsinae or chasmosaurinae it appears to be most closely related to utahceratops their clade was perhaps more derived than the earlier genus chasmosaurus but more basal than anchiceratops the latter representing a line of which triceratops was a member which lived a few million years later right at the end of the cretaceous period when all ceratopsians died out the cladogram of the phylogeny of pentaceratops according to a study by scott sampson et al in 2010 found that the genus was most closely related to utahceratops from a similar age and region 17 the below cladogram follows longrich 2014 who named a new species of pentaceratops and included nearly all chasmosaurine species 18 paratype of p aquilonius cmn 9813 interpreted as an epiparietal of p aquilonius left or spiclypeus size of p sternbergi compared to a human chasmosaurinae mercuriceratops judiceratops chasmosaurus chasmosaurus sp cmn 2280 chasmosaurus belli chasmosaurus irvinensis mojoceratops agujaceratops pentaceratops aquilonius williams fork chasmosaur pentaceratops sternbergii utahceratops kosmoceratops kosmoceratops richardsoni kosmoceratops sp cmn 8301 anchiceratops almond formation chasmosaur bravoceratops coahuilaceratops arrhinoceratops triceratopsini titanoceratops torosaurus triceratops t utahensis t horridus t prorsus longrich stated that the holotype and referred specimen of p aquilonius fall within the diagnosis of pentaceratops and were recovered very close to the type species in the phylogeny he noted that the placement of utahceratops does not make the genus paraphyletic as there is no requirement that genera are monophyletic the williams fork chasmosaur differs from the pentaceratops and utahceratops species and might require a new specific or generic name 18 paleobiology edit restoration of bistahieversor hunting pentaceratops pentaceratops like all ceratopsians was an herbivore during the cretaceous flowering plants were geographically limited on the landscape according to whom clarification needed and so it is likely that this dinosaur fed on the predominant plants of the era ferns cycads and conifers it would have used its sharp ceratopsian beak to bite off the branches which were then shredded leaves needles and all by the tooth batteries providing a self sharpening continuous cutting edge in both upper and lower jaws ultimately the plant material was digested by the large gut paleoecology edit pentaceratops lived around 76 73 million years ago its remains having been mostly found in the kirtland formation 1 in the san juan basin in new mexico other dinosaurs that shared its habitat include the hadrosaur parasaurolophus the pachycephalosaur sphaerotholus the armored dinosaur nodocephalosaurus and the tyrannosauroid bistahieversor see also edit dinosaurs portal timeline of ceratopsian research ah shi sle pah wilderness study area the type locality for pentaceratops fenestratus references edit 1 2 3 sullivan and lucas 2006 permanent dead link 1 2 3 longrich nicholas r 1 june 2011 titanoceratops ouranos a giant horned dinosaur from the late campanian of new mexico cretaceous research 32 3 264 276 bibcode 2011crres 32 264l doi 10 1016 j cretres 2010 12 007 issn 0195 6671 wick s l lehman t m 2013 a new ceratopsian dinosaur from the javelina formation maastrichtian of west texas and implications for chasmosaurine phylogeny naturwissenschaften 100 7 667 82 bibcode 2013nw 100 667w doi 10 1007 s00114 013 1063 0 pmid 23728202 s2cid 16048008 liddell et al 1980 pp 373 542 43 804 1 2 h f osborn 1923 a new genus and species of ceratopsia from new mexico pentaceratops sternbergii american museum novitates 93 1 3 sullivan r m and s g lucas 2011 charles hazelius sternberg and his san juan basin cretaceous dinosaur collections correspondence and photographs 1920 1925 new mexico museum of natural history and science bulletin 53 429 471 1 2 c wiman 1930 über ceratopsia aus der oberen kreide in new mexico nova acta regiae societatis scientiarum upsaliensis series 4 7 2 1 19 fowler d w freedman fowler e a 2020 transitional evolutionary forms in chasmosaurine ceratopsid dinosaurs evidence from the campanian of new mexico peerj 8 e9251 doi 10 7717 peerj 9251 pmc 7278894 pmid 32547873 lucas et al 2006 lehman t m 1998 a gigantic skull and skeleton of the horned dinosaur pentaceratops sternbergi from new mexico journal of paleontology 72 5 894 906 delayed debut for jumbo dino skull longrich n 2014 the horned dinosaurs pentaceratops and kosmoceratops from the upper campanian of alberta and implications for dinosaur biogeography cretaceous research 51 292 308 jordan c mallon christopher j ott peter l larson edward m iuliano david c evans 2016 spiclypeus shipporum gen et sp nov a boldly audacious new chasmosaurine ceratopsid dinosauria ornithischia from the judith river formation upper cretaceous campanian of montana usa plos one 11 5 e0154218 bibcode 2016ploso 1154218m doi 10 1371 journal pone 0154218 pmc 4871577 pmid 27191389 paul gregory s 2016 the princeton field guide to dinosaurs 2nd ed new jersey princeton university press p 298 rowe t colbert e h nations j d 1981 the occurrence of pentaceratops with a description of its frill in lucas s g rigby j k kues b s eds advances in san juan basin paleontology albuquerque university of new mexico press p 29 48 isbn 0 8263 0554 7 paul g s 2010 the princeton field guide to dinosaurs princeton university press p 272 scott d sampson mark a loewen andrew a farke eric m roberts catherine a forster joshua a smith and alan l titus 2010 stepanova anna ed new horned dinosaurs from utah provide evidence for intracontinental dinosaur endemism plos one 5 9 e12292 bibcode 2010ploso 512292s doi 10 1371 journal pone 0012292 pmc 2929175 pmid 20877459 cite journal cs1 maint multiple names authors list link 1 2 longrich n r 2014 the horned dinosaurs pentaceratops and kosmoceratops from the upper campanian of alberta and implications for dinosaur biogeography cretaceous research 51 292 308 bibcode 2014crres 51 292l doi 10 1016 j cretres 2014 06 011 sources edit delayed debut for jumbo dino skull science 282 5390 871b 871 1998 doi 10 1126 science 282 5390 871b s2cid 190533792 dodson p 1996 the horned dinosaurs princeton univers...