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nts secondary emission electrons from the plate from reaching the screen grid 4 5 the addition of the suppressor grid permits much greater output signal amplitude to be obtained from the plate of the pentode in amplifier operation than from the plate of the screen grid tube at the same plate supply voltage pentodes were widely manufactured and used in electronic equipment until the 1960s to 1970s during which time transistors replaced tubes in new designs during the first quarter of the 21st century a few pentode tubes have been in production for high power radio frequency applications musical instrument amplifiers especially guitars home audio and niche markets types of pentodes edit ordinary pentodes are referred to as sharp cutoff or high slope pentodes and have uniform aperture size in the control grid the uniform construction of the control grid results in the amplification factor mu or μ and transconductance changing very little with increasingly negative grid voltage resulting in fairly abrupt cutoff of plate current 6 these pentodes are suitable for application in amplifier designs that operate over limited ranges of signal and bias on the control grid examples include ef37a ef86 6267 1n5gt 6au6a 6j7gt often but not always in the european valve naming scheme for pentodes an even number indicated a sharp cutoff device while odd indicated remote cutoff the ef37 was an exception to this general trend perhaps due to its history as an update to the ef36 the mullard ef36 ef37 and ef37a at the national valve museum remote cutoff variable mu super control or variable slope pentodes handle much greater signal and bias voltages on the control grid than ordinary pentodes without cutting off the anode current the control grid of the variable mu pentode is constructed so as to result in a given incremental change of control grid voltage having less effect on change of anode current as the control grid voltage increases negatively relative to the cathode 7 the control grid often has the form of a helix of varying pitch 8 as the control grid voltage becomes more negative the amplification factor of the tube becomes smaller 7 9 variable mu pentodes reduce distortion and cross modulation intermodulation and permit much larger amplifier dynamic range than ordinary pentodes 10 variable mu pentodes were first applied in radio frequency amplifier stages of radio receivers typically with automatic volume control and are applied in other applications requiring the ability to operate over large variations of signal and control voltages the first commercially available variable mu pentodes were the rca 239 in 1932 and the mullard vp4 in 1933 11 12 power pentodes output pentodes or power amplifier pentodes power pentodes are designed to operate at higher currents higher temperatures and higher voltages than ordinary pentodes the cathode of the power pentode is designed to be capable of sufficient electron emission to give the required current through the tube to produce the desired power in the load impedance 13 the plate or anode of a power pentode is designed to be capable of dissipating more power than that of an ordinary pentode 14 the el34 el84 6cl6 6f6 6g6 sy4307a and 6k6gt are some examples of pentodes designed for power amplification some power pentodes for specific television requirements were video output pentodes e g 15a6 pl83 pl802 frame output or vertical deflection pentodes such as the pl84 and the pentode sections of the 18gv8 pcl85 line output or horizontal deflection pentodes such as the pl36 27gb5 pl500 pl505 etc a triode pentode is a single envelope containing both a triode and a pentode such as an ecf80 or ecl86 image of a type gu 81 power pentode a russian electron tube used in military radio stations in the 70s and 80s advantages over the tetrode edit main article vacuum tube characteristics the simple tetrode or screen grid tube offered a larger amplification factor more power and a higher frequency capability than the earlier triode however in the tetrode secondary electrons knocked out of the anode plate by the electrons from the cathode striking it a process called secondary emission can flow to the screen grid due to its relatively high potential this current of electrons leaving the anode reduces the net anode current i a as the anode voltage v a is increased the electrons from the cathode hit the anode with more energy knocking out more secondary electrons increasing this current of electrons leaving the anode the result is that in the tetrode the anode current i a is found to decrease with increasing anode voltage v a over part of the characteristic curve this property δ v a δ i a 0 is called negative resistance it can cause the tetrode to become unstable leading to parasitic oscillations in the output called dynatron oscillations in some circumstances the pentode as introduced by tellegen has an additional electrode or third grid called the suppressor grid located between the screen grid and the anode which solves the problem of secondary emission the suppressor grid is given a low potential it is usually either grounded or connected to the cathode secondary emission electrons from the anode are repelled by the negative potential on the suppressor grid so they can t reach the screen grid but return to the anode the primary electrons from the cathode have a higher kinetic energy so they can still pass through the suppressor grid and reach the anode pentodes therefore can have higher current outputs and a wider output voltage swing the anode plate can even be at a lower voltage than the screen grid yet still amplify well 15 comparisons with the triode edit pentodes and tetrodes tend to have a much lower feedback capacitance due to the screening effect of the second grid pentodes tend to have higher noise partition noise because of the random splitting of the cathode current between the screen grid and the anode triodes have a lower internal anode resistance and hence higher damping factor when used in audio output circuits compared with pentodes when negative feedback is absent that also reduces the potential voltage amplification obtainable from a triode compared with a pentode of the same transconductance and usually means a more efficient output stage can be made using pentodes with a lower power drive signal pentodes are almost unaffected by changes in supply voltage and can thus operate with more poorly stabilized supplies than triodes pentodes and triodes and tetrodes do have essentially similar relationships between grid one input voltage and anode output current when the anode voltage is held constant i e close to a square law relationship usage edit a general electric 12ae10 double pentode pentode tubes were first used in consumer type radio receivers a well known pentode type the ef50 was designed before the start of world war ii and was extensively used in radar sets and other military electronic equipment the pentode contributed to the electronic preponderance of the allies the colossus computer and the manchester baby used large numbers of ef36 pentode tubes 16 17 18 19 later on the 7ak7 tube was expressly developed for use in computer equipment 20 after world war ii pentodes were widely used in tv receivers particularly the successor to the ef50 the ef80 vacuum tubes were replaced by transistors during the 1960s however they continue to be used in certain applications including high power radio transmitters and because of their well known valve sound in high end and professional audio applications microphone preamplifiers and electric guitar amplifiers large stockpiles in countries of the former soviet union have provided a continuing supply of such devices some designed for other purposes but adapted to audio use such as the gu 50 transmitter tube triode strapped pentode circuits edit a pentode can have its screen grid grid 2 connected to the anode plate in which case it reverts to an ordinary triode with commensurate characteristics lower anode resistance lower mu lower noise more drive voltage required the device is then said to be triode strapped or triode connected this is sometimes provided as an option in audiophile pentode amplifier circuits to give the sought after sonic qualities of a triode power amplifier a resistor may be included in series with the screen grid to avoid exceeding the screen grid s power or voltage rating and to prevent local oscillation triode connection is a useful option for audiophiles who wish to avoid the expense of true power triodes see also edit beam tetrode pentode transistor valve audio amplifier technical specification list of vacuum tubes references edit g holst and b d h tellegen means for amplifying electrical oscillations us patent 1945040 january 1934 rca receiving tube manual 1940 p118 solymar lazlo 2012 modern physical electronics springer science and business media p 8 isbn 978 9401165075 etc carney allen f 1998 the navy electricity and electronics training series module 06 introduction to electronic emission tubes and power supplies pensacola fl naval education and training professional development and technology center p 1 47 whitaker jerry 2016 power vacuum tubes handbook 3rd edition crc press p 87 isbn 978 1439850657 reich herbert j 1941 principles of electron tubes new york mcgraw hill p 62 1 2 departments of the army and the air force 1952 rev 1958 tm 11 662 basic theory and application of electron tubes washington dc usgpo pp 104 105 departments of the army and the air force 1952 rev 1958 tm 11 662 p 41 ballantine stuart and snow h a dec 1930 reduction of distortion and cross talk in radio receivers by mean of variable mu tetrodes proc ire p 2122 rider john f 1936 automatic volume control new york john f rider publisher pp 12 17 stokes john w 1982 70 years of radio tubes and valves vestal ny vestal publishers ltd p 57 thrower keith r 2009 british radio valves the classic years 1926 1946 reading england speedwell p 5 departments of the army and the air force 1952 rev 1958 tm 11 662 p 167 departments of the army and the air force 1952 rev 1958 tm 11 662 p 168 169 rca receiving tube manual 1940 p8 tony sale the colossus rebuild project tony sale the colossus its purpose and operation michael saunby small signal audio pentodes archived 2016 12 13 at the wayback machine b jack copeland colossus the secrets of bletchley park s code breaking computers sylvania engineering data service 7ak7 archived 2016 06 16 at the wayback machine july 1953 wikimedia commons has media related to pentodes v t e electronic components semiconductor devices mos transistors transistor nmos pmos bicmos biofet chemical field effect transistor chemfet complementary mos cmos depletion load nmos fin field effect transistor finfet floating gate mosfet fgmos insulated gate bipolar transistor igbt isfet ldmos mos field effect transistor mosfet multi gate field effect transistor mugfet power mosfet thin film transistor tft vmos umos qfet tunnel field effect transistor tfet high electron mobility transistor hemt rf cmos native transistor other transistors bipolar junction transistor bjt darlington transistor diffused junction transistor field effect transistor fet junction gate fet jfet organic fet ofet light emitting transistor let pentode transistor point contact transistor programmable unijunction transistor put static induction transistor sit tetrode transistor nanoscale vacuum channel transistor nvct single electron transistor set heterojunction bipolar transistor hbt mesfet heterostructure emitter bipolar transistor hebt itfet avalanche transistor junctionless nanowire transistor jlnt schottky transistor spin transistor ballistic collection transistor ballistic deflection transistor bdt drift field transistor organic electrochemical transistor oect spacistor surface barrier transistor synaptic transistor oxide thin film transistor nomfet grown junction transistor eosfet alloy junction transistor fe fet dna field effect transistor dnafet diodes avalanche diode shockley diode selenium rectifier fast diode single photon avalanche diode spad constant current diode cld crd gunn diode varicap impatt diode metal insulator metal diode mim diode transient voltage suppression diode tvs diode laser diode ld light emitting diode led organic light emitting diode oled photodiode pin diode p n diode tunnel diode avalanche photodiode apd solar cell multi junction solar cell mj hybrid solar cell schottky junction solar cell plasmonic solar cell heterojunction solar cell hjt schottky diode step recovery diode srd zener diode resonant tunneling diode rtd photoreflector backward diode geometric diode lr diode chua s diode baritt diode stabistor phosphorescent organic light emitting diode pholed thin film diode superluminescent diode sld josephson diode hole accumulation diode had silicon photomultiplier sipm metal rectifier bifacial solar cells bsc integrated circuits hybrid integrated circuit hic mixed signal integrated circuit mos integrated circuit mos ic three dimensional integrated circuit 3d ic photonic integrated circuit pic application specific integrated circuit asic field programmable gate array fpga system on a chip soc other devices diac heterostructure barrier varactor light emitting capacitor lec memistor memristor memtransistor memory cell metal oxide varistor mov organic semiconductor photodetector silicon controlled rectifier scr silicon controlled switch scs solaristor static induction thyristor sith thyristor trancitor triac varicap vertical cavity surface emitting laser vcsel gate turn off thyristor gto integrated gate commutated thyristor igct unijunction transistor ujt quantum cascade laser qcl photoresistor quantum dot display quantum dot solar cell photoelectrochemical cell dye sensitized solar cell plasmonic solar cell quantum dot laser quadrac interband cascade laser icl oscillistor mos composite static induction thyristor csmt mos controlled thyristor mct resistive opto isolator ro emitter turn off thyristor eto trisil quantum well infrared photodetector qwip quantum cascade detector qcd resonant cavity enhanced photo detector rce golay cell hybrid pixel detector semiconductor detector voltage regulators linear regulator low dropout regulator switching regulator buck boost buck boost split pi ćuk sepic charge pump switched capacitor vacuum tubes standard acorn tube audion beam tetrode barretter compactron diode fleming valve neutron tube nonode nuvistor pentagrid hexode heptode octode pentode photomultiplier pmt phototube tetrode triode x ray tube double diode triode additron tube computron tube micropup rf backward wave oscillator bwo cavity magnetron crossed field amplifier cfa gyrotron inductive output tube iot klystron maser sutton tube traveling wave tube twt vircator cathode ray tubes beam deflection tube charactron iconoscope magic eye tube monoscope selectron tube storage tube trochotron video camera tube williams tube gas filled tubes crossatron d...