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peptide nucleic acid wikipedia jump to content main menu main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 structure 2 binding 3 pna translation from other nucleic acids 4 delivery 5 pna world hypothesis 6 applications 7 see also 8 references 9 further reading toggle the table of contents peptide nucleic acid 23 languages العربية azərbaycanca català čeština deutsch español فارسی suomi français galego עברית हिन्दी magyar italiano 日本語 한국어 lietuvių polski português русский türkçe українська 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia biological molecule structure of peptide nucleic acid peptide nucleic acid pna is an artificially synthesized polymer similar to dna or rna 1 synthetic peptide nucleic acid oligomers have been used in recent years in molecular biology procedures diagnostic assays and antisense therapies 2 due to their higher binding strength it is not necessary to design long pna oligomers for use in these roles which usually require oligonucleotide probes of 20 25 bases the main concern of the length of the pna oligomers is to guarantee the specificity pna oligomers also show greater specificity in binding to complementary dnas with a pna dna base mismatch being more destabilizing than a similar mismatch in a dna dna duplex this binding strength and specificity also applies to pna rna duplexes pnas are not easily recognized by either nucleases or proteases making them resistant to degradation by enzymes pnas are also stable over a wide ph range though an unmodified pna cannot readily cross the cell membrane to enter the cytosol covalent coupling of a cell penetrating peptide to a pna can improve cytosolic delivery 3 pna is not known to occur naturally but n 2 aminoethyl glycine aeg the backbone of pna has been hypothesized to be an early form of genetic molecule for life on earth and is produced by cyanobacteria and is a neurotoxin 4 pna was invented by peter e nielsen univ copenhagen michael egholm univ copenhagen rolf h berg risø national lab and ole buchardt univ copenhagen in 1991 1 structure edit dna and rna have a deoxyribose and ribose sugar backbone respectively whereas pna s backbone is composed of repeating n 2 aminoethyl glycine units linked by peptide bonds the various purine and pyrimidine bases are linked to the backbone by a methylene bridge ch 2 and a carbonyl group c o pnas are depicted like peptides with the n terminus at the first left position and the c terminus at the last right position 5 binding edit since the backbone of pna contains no charged phosphate groups the binding between pna dna strands is stronger than between dna dna strands due to the lack of electrostatic repulsion unfortunately this also causes it to be rather hydrophobic which makes it difficult to deliver to body cells in solution without being flushed out of the body first early experiments with homopyrimidine strands strands consisting of only one repeated pyrimidine base have shown that the t m melting temperature of a 6 base thymine pna adenine dna double helix was 31 c in comparison to an equivalent 6 base dna dna duplex that denatures at a temperature less than 10 c mixed base pna molecules are true mimics of dna molecules in terms of base pair recognition pna pna binding is stronger than pna dna binding pna translation from other nucleic acids edit several labs have reported sequence specific polymerization of peptide nucleic acids from dna or rna templates 6 7 8 liu and coworkers used these polymerization methods to evolve functional pnas with the ability to fold into three dimensional structures similar to proteins aptamers and ribozymes 6 delivery edit in 2015 jain et al described a trans acting dna based amphiphatic delivery system for convenient delivery of poly a tailed uncharged nucleic acids una such as pnas and morpholinos so that several una s can be easily screened ex vivo 9 non primary source needed pna world hypothesis edit it has been hypothesized that the earliest life on earth may have used pna as a genetic material due to its extreme robustness simpler formation and possible spontaneous polymerization at 100 c 10 while water at standard pressure boils at this temperature water at high pressure as in deep ocean boils at higher temperatures if this is so life evolved to a dna rna based system only at a later stage 11 12 evidence for this pna world hypothesis is however far from conclusive 13 if it existed though it must have preceded the widely accepted rna world applications edit applications include alteration of gene expression both as inhibitor and promoter in different cases antigene and antisense therapeutic agent anticancer agent antiviral antibacterial and antiparasitic agent molecular tools and probes of biosensor detection of dna sequences and nanotechnology 14 15 pnas can be used to improve high throughput 16s ribosomal rna gene sequencing of plant and soil samples by blocking amplification of contaminant plastid and mitochondrial sequences 16 cellular functional antagonism inhibition in 2001 strauss and colleagues reported the design of an application for pna oligomers in living mammalian cells the xist chromatin binding region was first elucidated in female mouse fibroblastic cells and embryonic stem cells though the use of a pna molecular antagonist the novel pna approach directly demonstrated function of a lncrna the long non coding lncrna rna xist directly binds to the inactive x chromosome functional pna inhibition experiments revealed that specific repeat regions of the xist rna were responsible for chromatin binding and hence could be considered domain regions of the rna transcript the pna molecular antagonist was administered to living cells and functionally inhibited the association of xist with inactive x chromosome using the approach for studying noncoding rna function in living cells called peptide nucleic acid pna interference mapping in the reported experiments a single 19 bp antisense cell permeating pna targeted against a particular region of xist rna caused the disruption of the xi the association of the xi with macro histone h2a is also disturbed by pna interference mapping 17 see also edit clicked peptide polymer glycol nucleic acid oligonucleotide synthesis peptide synthesis threose nucleic acid references edit 1 2 nielsen pe egholm m berg rh buchardt o december 1991 sequence selective recognition of dna by strand displacement with a thymine substituted polyamide science 254 5037 1497 500 bibcode 1991sci 254 1497n doi 10 1126 science 1962210 pmid 1962210 gupta a mishra a puri n october 2017 peptide nucleic acids advanced tools for biomedical applications journal of biotechnology 259 148 159 doi 10 1016 j jbiotec 2017 07 026 pmc 7114329 pmid 28764969 zhao xl chen bc han jc wei l pan xb november 2015 delivery of cell penetrating peptide peptide nucleic acid conjugates by assembly on an oligonucleotide scaffold scientific reports 5 17640 bibcode 2015natsr 517640z doi 10 1038 srep17640 pmc 4661726 pmid 26612536 banack sa metcalf js jiang l craighead d ilag ll cox pa 7 november 2012 cyanobacteria produce n 2 aminoethyl glycine a backbone for peptide nucleic acids which may have been the first genetic molecules for life on earth plos one 7 11 e49043 bibcode 2012ploso 749043b doi 10 1371 journal pone 0049043 pmc 3492184 pmid 23145061 egholm m buchardt o christensen l behrens c freier sm driver da berg rh kim sk norden b nielsen pe october 1993 pna hybridizes to complementary oligonucleotides obeying the watson crick hydrogen bonding rules nature 365 6446 566 8 bibcode 1993natur 365 566e doi 10 1038 365566a0 pmid 7692304 s2cid 4318153 1 2 brudno y birnbaum me kleiner re liu dr february 2010 an in vitro translation selection and amplification system for peptide nucleic acids nature chemical biology 6 2 148 55 doi 10 1038 nchembio 280 pmc 2808706 pmid 20081830 kleiner re brudno y birnbaum me liu dr april 2008 dna templated polymerization of side chain functionalized peptide nucleic acid aldehydes journal of the american chemical society 130 14 4646 59 bibcode 2008jachs 130 4646k doi 10 1021 ja0753997 pmc 2748799 pmid 18341334 ura y beierle jm leman lj orgel le ghadiri mr july 2009 self assembling sequence adaptive peptide nucleic acids science 325 5936 73 7 bibcode 2009sci 325 73u doi 10 1126 science 1174577 pmid 19520909 s2cid 13327028 jain hv verthelyi d beaucage sl 2015 amphipathic trans acting phosphorothioate dna elements mediate the delivery of uncharged nucleic acid sequences in mammalian cells rsc advances 5 80 65245 65254 bibcode 2015rscad 565245j doi 10 1039 c5ra12038a wittung p nielsen pe buchardt o egholm m nordén b april 1994 dna like double helix formed by peptide nucleic acid nature 368 6471 561 3 bibcode 1994natur 368 561w doi 10 1038 368561a0 pmid 8139692 s2cid 551986 nelson ke levy m miller sl april 2000 peptide nucleic acids rather than rna may have been the first genetic molecule proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the united states of america 97 8 3868 71 bibcode 2000pnas 97 3868n doi 10 1073 pnas 97 8 3868 pmc 18108 pmid 10760258 alberts b johnson a lewis j march 2002 molecular biology of the cell 4th ed routledge isbn 978 0 8153 3218 3 zimmer c january 2009 evolutionary roots on the origin of life on earth science 323 5911 198 9 doi 10 1126 science 323 5911 198 pmid 19131603 s2cid 206583796 anstaett p gasser g 2014 peptide nucleic acid an opportunity for bio nanotechnology pdf chimia 68 4 264 8 doi 10 2533 chimia 2014 264 pmid 24983612 d souza ad belotserkovskii bp hanawalt pc february 2018 a novel mode for transcription inhibition mediated by pna induced r loops with a model in vitro system biochimica et biophysica acta bba gene regulatory mechanisms 1861 2 158 166 doi 10 1016 j bbagrm 2017 12 008 pmc 5820110 pmid 29357316 lundberg ds yourstone s mieczkowski p jones cd dangl jl october 2013 practical innovations for high throughput amplicon sequencing nature methods 10 10 999 1002 doi 10 1038 nmeth 2634 pmid 23995388 s2cid 1751531 beletskii et al 2001 beletskii anton strauss william 2001 pna interference mapping demonstrates functional domains in the noncoding rna xist proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the united states of america 98 16 9215 20 bibcode 2001pnas 98 9215b doi 10 1073 pnas 161173098 pmc 55400 pmid 11481485 further reading edit nielsen pe december 2008 triple helix designing a new molecule of life scientific american 299 6 64 71 doi 10 1038 scientificamerican1208 64 inactive 17 december 2025 pmid 19143446 cite journal cs1 maint doi inactive as of december 2025 link krämer r mokhir a 2012 chapter 12 metal complex derivatives of peptide nucleic acids pna in sigel a helmut sigel h sigel rk eds interplay between metal ions and nucleic acids metal ions in life sciences vol 10 springer pp 319 40 doi 10 1007 978 94 007 2172 2_12 isbn 978 94 007 2171 5 pmid 22210345 shakeel s karim s ali a june 2006 peptide nucleic acid pna a review journal of chemical technology biotechnology 81 6 892 9 doi 10 1002 jctb 1505 bhadauria vijai june 2017 next generation sequencing and bioinformatics for plant science caister academic press doi 10 21775 9781910190654 isbn 978 1 910190 66 1 kaihatsu k janowski ba corey dr june 2004 recognition of chromosomal dna by pnas chemistry biology 11 6 749 58 doi 10 1016 j chembiol 2003 09 014 pmid 15217608 ng ps bergstrom de january 2005 alternative nucleic acid analogues for programmable assembly hybridization of lna to pna nano letters 5 1 107 11 bibcode 2005nanol 5 107n doi 10 1021 nl048246f pmid 15792422 paulasova p pellestor f 2004 the peptide nucleic acids pnas a new generation of probes for genetic and cytogenetic analyses annales de génétique 47 4 349 58 doi 10 1016 j anngen 2004 07 001 pmid 15581832 castelvecchi d june 2004 a new game of life blog at wordpress com nielsen pe egholm m 1999 an introduction to peptide nucleic acid pdf curr issues mol biol 1 2 89 104 pmid 11475704 archived from the original pdf on 2011 09 16 retrieved 2009 06 16 v t e types of nucleic acids constituents nucleobases nucleosides nucleotides deoxynucleotides ribonucleic acids coding non coding translational messenger precursor heterogenous nuclear modified messenger transfer ribosomal transfer messenger regulatory interferential micro small interfering piwi interacting antisense processual small nuclear small nucleolar small cajal body rnas y rna enhancer rnas others guide ribozyme short hairpin small temporal trans acting small interfering subgenomic messenger deoxyribonucleic acids organellar chloroplast mitochondrial complementary deoxyribozyme genomic hachimoji multicopy single stranded analogues xeno glycol threose hexose locked peptide morpholino phosphorothioate cloning vectors phagemid plasmid lambda phage cosmid fosmid artificial chromosomes p1 derived bacterial yeast human category retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title peptide_nucleic_acid oldid 1369642669 categories nucleic acids origin of life hidden categories articles with short description short description matches wikidata all pages needing factual verification wikipedia articles needing factual verification from december 2017 cs1 maint doi inactive as of december 2025 this page was last edited on 16 august 2026 at 06 13 utc page was rendered with parsoid 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