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presented as a digest of the rfcs rather than a formal document at this time perl 6 existed only as a description of a language citation needed perl 5 8 was first released on july 18 2002 and further 5 x versions have been released approximately yearly since then perl 5 8 improved unicode support added a new i o implementation added a new thread implementation improved numeric accuracy and added several new modules 49 as of 2013 this version was still the most popular perl version and was used by red hat linux 5 suse linux 10 solaris 10 hp ux 11 31 and aix 5 in 2004 work began on the synopses documents that originally summarized the apocalypses but which became the specification for the perl 6 language in february 2005 audrey tang began work on pugs a perl 6 interpreter written in haskell 50 this was the first concerted effort toward making perl 6 a reality this effort stalled in 2006 51 the perl on new internal engine ponie project existed from 2003 until 2006 it was to be a bridge between perl 5 and 6 and an effort to rewrite the perl 5 interpreter to run on the perl 6 parrot virtual machine the goal was to ensure the future of the millions of lines of perl 5 code at thousands of companies around the world 52 the ponie project ended in 2006 and is no longer being actively developed some of the improvements made to the perl 5 interpreter as part of ponie were folded into that project 53 on december 18 2007 the 20th anniversary of perl 1 0 perl 5 10 0 was released perl 5 10 0 included notable new features which brought it closer to perl 6 these included a switch statement called given when regular expressions updates and the smart match operator 54 55 around this same time development began in earnest on another implementation of perl 6 known as rakudo perl developed in tandem with the parrot virtual machine as of november 2009 rakudo perl has had regular monthly releases and now is the most complete implementation of perl 6 a major change in the development process of perl 5 occurred with perl 5 11 the development community has switched to a monthly release cycle of development releases with a yearly schedule of stable releases by that plan bugfix point releases will follow the stable releases every three months 56 on april 12 2010 perl 5 12 0 was released notable core enhancements include new package name version syntax the yada yada operator intended to mark placeholder code that is not yet implemented implicit strictures full y2038 compliance regex conversion overloading dtrace support and unicode 5 2 57 on may 14 2011 perl 5 14 was released with json support built in 58 on may 20 2012 perl 5 16 was released notable new features include the ability to specify a given version of perl that one wishes to emulate allowing users to upgrade their version of perl but still run old scripts that would normally be incompatible 59 failed verification perl 5 16 also updates the core to support unicode 6 1 59 on may 18 2013 perl 5 18 was released notable new features include the new dtrace hooks lexical subs more core subs overhaul of the hash for security reasons support for unicode 6 2 60 on may 27 2014 perl 5 20 was released notable new features include subroutine signatures hash slices new slice syntax postfix dereferencing experimental unicode 6 3 and a rand function using a consistent random number generator 61 some observers credit the release of perl 5 10 with the start of the modern perl movement 62 in particular this phrase describes a style of development that embraces the use of the cpan takes advantage of recent developments in the language and is rigorous about creating high quality code 63 while the book modern perl 64 may be the most visible standard bearer of this idea other groups such as the enlightened perl organization 65 have taken up the cause in late 2012 and 2013 several projects for alternative implementations for perl 5 started perl5 in perl6 by the rakudo perl team 66 moe by stevan little and friends 67 p2 68 by the perl11 team under reini urban gperl by goccy 69 and rperl a kickstarter project led by will braswell and affiliated with the perl11 project 70 perl 6 and raku edit main article raku programming language camelia the logo for the perl 6 project 71 at the 2000 perl conference jon orwant made a case for a major new language initiative 72 this led to a decision to begin work on a redesign of the language to be called perl 6 proposals for new language features were solicited from the perl community at large which submitted more than 300 rfcs 73 wall spent the next few years digesting the rfcs and synthesizing them into a coherent framework for perl 6 he presented his design for perl 6 in a series of documents called apocalypses numbered to correspond to chapters in programming perl as of january 2011 update the developing specification of perl 6 was encapsulated in design documents called synopses numbered to correspond to apocalypses 74 thesis work by bradley m kuhn overseen by wall considered the possible use of the java virtual machine as a runtime for perl 75 kuhn s thesis showed this approach to be problematic in 2001 it was decided that perl 6 would run on a cross language virtual machine called parrot in 2005 audrey tang created the pugs project an implementation of perl 6 in haskell this acted as a test platform for the perl 6 language separate from the development of the actual implementation allowing the language designers to explore the pugs project spawned an active perl haskell cross language community centered around the libera chat raku irc channel many functional programming influences were absorbed by the perl 6 design team 76 in 2012 perl 6 development was centered primarily on two compilers 77 rakudo an implementation running on the parrot virtual machine and the java virtual machine 78 niecza which targets the common language runtime in 2013 moarvm metamodel on a runtime a c language based virtual machine designed primarily for rakudo was announced 79 in october 2019 perl 6 was renamed to raku 80 as of 2017 update only the rakudo implementation and moarvm are under active development and other virtual machines such as the java virtual machine and javascript are supported 81 perl 7 edit in june 2020 perl 7 was announced as the successor to perl 5 82 perl 7 was to initially be based on perl 5 32 with a release expected in first half of 2021 and release candidates sooner 83 this plan was revised in may 2021 without any release timeframe or version of perl 5 for use as a baseline specified 84 when perl 7 would be released perl 5 would have gone into long term maintenance supported perl 5 versions however would continue to get important security and bug fixes 85 perl 7 was announced on 24 june 2020 at the perl conference in the cloud as the successor to perl 5 83 82 based on perl 5 32 perl 7 was planned to be backward compatible with modern perl 5 code perl 5 code without boilerplate pragma header needs adding use compat perl5 to stay compatible but modern code can drop some of the boilerplate the plan to go to perl 7 brought up more discussion however and the perl steering committee canceled it to avoid issues with backward compatibility for scripts that were not written to the pragmas and modules that would become the default in perl 7 perl 7 will only come out when the developers add enough features to warrant a major release upgrade 86 design edit main article perl language structure philosophy edit according to wall perl has two slogans the first is there s more than one way to do it commonly known as tmtowtdi pronounced tim toady proponents of this motto argue that this philosophy makes it easy to write concise statements 87 88 89 the second slogan is easy things should be easy and hard things should be possible 14 the design of perl can be understood as a response to three broad trends in the computer industry falling hardware costs rising labor costs and improvements in compiler technology many earlier computer languages such as fortran and c aimed to make efficient use of expensive computer hardware in contrast perl was designed so that computer programmers could write programs more quickly and easily 90 perl has many features that ease the task of the programmer at the expense of greater cpu and memory requirements these include automatic memory management dynamic typing strings lists and hashes regular expressions introspection and an eval function perl follows the theory of no built in limits 27 an idea similar to the zero one infinity rule wall was trained as a linguist and the design of perl is very much informed by linguistic principles examples include huffman coding common constructions should be short good end weighting the important information should come first and a large collection of language primitives perl favors language constructs that are concise and natural for humans to write even where they complicate the perl interpreter 91 perl s syntax reflects the idea that things that are different should look different 92 for example scalars arrays and hashes have different leading sigils array indices and hash keys use different kinds of braces strings and regular expressions have different standard delimiters there is a broad practical bent to both the perl language and the community and culture that surround it the preface to programming perl begins perl is a language for getting your job done 14 one consequence of this is that perl is not a tidy language it includes many features tolerates exceptions to its rules and employs heuristics to resolve syntactical ambiguities because of the forgiving nature of the compiler bugs can sometimes be hard to find perl s function documentation remarks on the variant behavior of built in functions in list and scalar contexts by saying in general they do what you want unless you want consistency 93 features edit the overall structure of perl derives broadly from c perl is procedural in nature with variables expressions assignment statements brace delimited blocks control structures and subroutines 94 perl also takes features from shell programming all variables are marked with leading sigils which allow variables to be interpolated directly into strings however unlike the shell perl uses sigils on all accesses to variables and unlike most other programming languages that use sigils the sigil doesn t denote the type of the variable but the type of the expression so for example while an array is denoted by the sigil for example arrayname an individual member of the array is denoted by the scalar sigil for example arrayname 3 perl also has many built in functions that provide tools often used in shell programming although many of these tools are implemented by programs external to the shell such as sorting and calling operating system facilities citation needed perl takes hashes associative arrays from awk and regular expressions from sed these simplify many parsing text handling and data management tasks shared with lisp is the implicit return of the last value in a block and all statements are also expressions which can be used in larger expressions themselves citation needed perl 5 added features that support complex data structures first class functions that is closures as values and an object oriented programming model these include references packages class based method dispatch and lexically scoped variables along with compiler directives for example the strict pragma a major additional feature introduced with perl 5 was the ability to package code as reusable modules wall later stated that the whole intent of perl 5 s module system was to encourage the growth of perl culture rather than the perl core 95 all versions of perl do automatic data typing and automatic memory management the interpreter knows the type and storage requirements of every data object in the program it allocates and frees storage for them as necessary using reference counting so it cannot deallocate circular data structures without manual intervention legal type conversions for example conversions from number to string are done automatically at run time illegal type conversions are fatal errors citation needed syntax edit perl has been referred to as line noise and a write only language by its critics randal l schwartz in the first edition of the book learning perl 96 in the first chapter states yes sometimes perl looks like line noise to the uninitiated but to the seasoned perl programmer it looks like checksummed line noise with a mission in life 97 he also stated that the accusation that perl is a write only language could be avoided by coding with proper care 97 the perl overview document perlintro states that the names of built in magic scalar variables look like punctuation or line noise 98 however the english module provides both long and short english alternatives perlstyle document states that line noise in regular expressions could be mitigated using the x modifier to add whitespace 99 according to the perl 6 faq 100 perl 6 was designed to mitigate the usual suspects that elicit the line noise claim from perl 5 critics including the removal of the majority of the punctuation variables and the sanitization of the regex syntax the perl 6 faq also states that what is sometimes referred to as perl s line noise is the actual syntax of the language just as gerunds and prepositions are a part of the english language 100 in a december 2012 blog posting despite claiming that rakudo perl 6 has failed and will continue to fail unless it gets some adult supervision chromatic stated that the design of perl 6 has a well defined grammar an improved type system a unified object system with an intelligent metamodel metaoperators and a clearer system of context that provides for such niceties as pervasive laziness 101 he also stated that perl 6 has a coherence and a consistency that perl 5 lacks 101 in perl one could write the hello world program as print hello world n here is a more complex perl program that counts down seconds from a given starting value usr bin env perl use strict use warnings my remaining total remaining total shift argv stdout autoflush 1 while remaining printf remaining s s r remaining total sleep 1 print n to run the code above store it in a file named counter pl and then execute it perl counter pl 42 the perl interpreter can also be used for one off scripts on the command line the following example as invoked from an sh compatible shell such as bash translates the string bob in all files ending with txt in the current directory to robert perl i bak lp e s bob robert g txt implementation edit no written specification or standard for the perl language exists for perl versions through perl 5 and there are no plans to create one for the current version of perl there has been only one implementation of the interpreter and the language has evolved along with it that interpreter together with its functional tests stands as a de...